Comparative Study of Grid Frequency Stability Using Flywheel-Based Variable-Speed Drive and Energy Capacitor System

Abstract

Recently, there has been a rise in the integration of renewable energy sources into power grids. As a result of this, there is a need to carry out new studies in order to understand the dynamics of power grids during disturbances that is mainly caused by the stochastic nature of wind energy. The operation of modern power grids that are tied to wind farms follows a stipulated grid requirement or grid codes, considering the allowable threshold frequency variation during grid dynamics. This paper presents a comparative study of two frequency control schemes considering grid frequency stability using two frequency control topologies. A novel dynamic flywheel scheme with a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) variable-speed wind turbine with the coordinated control of excess kinetic energy and mechanical torque during operation was the first scheme, and a control strategy of an energy capacitor system (ECS) with a squirrel cage induction generator fixed-speed wind turbine (FSWT) was the second scheme. The salient part of this study was that the DFIG maximum point power tracking for effective smoothing of the output of the wind generator in the first scheme was designed based on the control strategy of its reference power to achieve smoothing of the wind power at the terminals of the wind generator. The model system employed in this work was a wind farm that is tied to a conventional power grid made of steam and hydro synchronous turbines. For an effective and fair comparison of results, the same natural wind speed was used in PSCAD/EMTDC for both schemes. When no control, Scheme 1, and Scheme 2 were implemented, the frequency dips were 47.20, 49.99, and 49.99 Hz with overshoots of 50.500, 50.005, and 50.001 Hz and recovery times of over 600.00, 0.01, 0.01 s, respectively, for the frequency variable.

Smoothing Intermittent Output Power in Grid-Connected Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Turbines with Li-Ion Batteries

“…This ripple current is commonly estimated to fall within the range of 20% to 40% of the inductor current [83]. Given that the maximum current in the MOSFET corresponds to the current passing through inductor L, we can calculate the MOSFET's maximum current using Equation (37).…”

“…In reference [36], the researchers investigated the sub-synchronous resonance effect in DFIG-based WPPs and proposed mitigation techniques employing BESS-based damping controllers. Meanwhile, a novel dynamic flywheel system designed for DFIG wind turbines, emphasizing coordinated control of kinetic energy and mechanical torque was introduced in [37]. It also explored a control strategy involving an energy capacitor system for fixedspeed wind turbines with squirrel cage induction generators.…”

Highly Efficient Three-Phase Bi-Directional SiC DC–AC Inverter for Electric Vehicle Flywheel Emulator

“…To conclude on this review section about flywheel energy storage systems and their power interfaces, authors in [18,19] present recent advanced and predictive control strategies for flywheel energy storage systems and their power electronic interfaces to achieve stable and efficient operation for various applications including grid frequency stabilization during disturbances [20] and FESS utilization in regional railway applications [21].…”