Comparative study of porous hydroxyapatite/chitosan and whitlockite/chitosan scaffolds for bone regeneration in calvarial defects

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HAP; Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ) and whitlockite (WH; Ca 18 Mg 2 (HPO 4 ) 2 (PO 4 ) 12 ) are widely utilized in bone repair because they are the main components of hard tissues such as bones and teeth. In this paper, we synthesized HAP and WH hollow microspheres by using creatine phosphate disodium salt as an organic phosphorus source in aqueous solution through microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. Then, we prepared HAP/chitosan and WH/chitosan composite membranes to evaluate their biocompatibility in vitro and prepared porous HAP/chitosan and WH/chitosan scaffolds by freeze drying to compare their effects on bone regeneration in calvarial defects in a rat model. The experimental results indicated that the WH/chitosan composite membrane had a better biocompatibility, enhancing proliferation and osteogenic differentiation ability of human mesenchymal stem cells than HAP/chitosan. Moreover, the porous WH/chitosan scaffold can significantly promote bone regeneration in calvarial defects, and thus it is more promising for applications in tissue engineering such as calvarial repair compared to porous HAP/chitosan scaffold.

Polysaccharide-Based Systems for Targeted Stem Cell Differentiation and Bone Regeneration

“…These in vitro results are confirmed in a rat calvarial defect model, where the WH containing scaffolds show significantly higher values for newly formed bone and bone mineral density. The improved results for WH are mainly attributed to the presence and gradual release of Mg by the authors, which is in accordance with previous studies [104].…”

Construction of Self-defensive Antibacterial and Osteogenic AgNPs/Gentamicin Coatings with Chitosan as Nanovalves for Controlled release

“…Human osteoblasts on the surface of CS layer maintained a spherical morphology and showed high type I collagen expression 29 . CS-contained coating also promoted the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells and bone formation 30 – 32 . In recent years, researchers focused more on the applications of CS and SF mixtures in biofunctional scaffolds and coatings, which showed highly acceptable biocompatibility 33 , 34 .…”

In Vivo Regeneration of Large Bone Defects by Cross-Linked Porous Hydrogel: A Pilot Study in Mice Combining Micro Tomography, Histological Analyses, Raman Spectroscopy and Synchrotron Infrared Imaging

“…Several types of 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering have been reported in the literature [ 18 , 19 ], including hydroxyapatite bioceramics [ 20 ], collagen, atelocollagen, chitosan and alginate (also known as natural macromolecules and their derivatives) [ 21 , 22 , 23 ], polyethylene glycol (synthetic polymer) [ 24 ], hydrogels [ 25 , 26 ], and other materials, such as carbon nanotubes [ 26 , 27 ]. These materials have also been used in combination to achieve superior properties [ 19 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”