Comparative study of two Rift Valley fever virus field strains circulating in Mauritania in 2010 and 2013 reveals the high virulence of the MRU25010-30 strain isolated from camel

Abstract

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is one of the major viral arthropod-borne diseases in Africa. In recent decades, RVF virus (RVFV), the causative agent of RVF, has been responsible for multiple outbreaks in West Africa with important consequences on human and animal health. In particular, an outbreak occurred in 2010 after heavy rainfalls in the desertic region of Adrar, Mauritania. It was characterized by the appearance of severe clinical signs among dromedary camels. Another one occurred in 2013-2014 across Senegal and the southern part of Mauritania. In this study, we characterized two RVFV field strains isolated during these two outbreaks. The first strain, MRU25010-30, has been isolated in camel (2010) while the second, MRU2687-3, was isolated in goat (2013). By deep-sequencing and rapid amplification of cDNA-ends by polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR), we successfully sequenced the complete genome of these two RVFV strains as well as the reference laboratory strain ZH548. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the two field viruses belong to two different RVFV genetic lineages. Moreover, we show that MRU25010-30 replicates more efficiently in various in vitro cell culture models than MRU2687-3 and ZH548. In vivo, MRU25010-30 caused rapid death of BALB/c mice and proved to be more virulent than MRU2687-3, regardless of the route of inoculation (subcutaneous or intranasal). The virulence of MRU25010-30 is associated with a high viral load in the liver and serum of infected mice, while the death of mice infected with MRU2687-3 and ZH548 correlates with a high viral load in the brain. Altogether, the data presented in this study provide new avenues to unveil the molecular viral determinants that modulate RVFV virulence and replication capacity