“…Based on the definition of PIO, it can be designed as follows:
where
in reality is known as the integral of the difference between actual and estimated terminal voltage
, while vectors
,
, and
are the proportional and integral gains, respectively, and instead of the gain vector
of the Luenberger observer (Amir et al,
2018). The PIO is straightforward to install owing to its basic structure paired with great efficiency and accuracy when compared to other methods like KF or fuzzy logic (Rahul et al,
2017). Nevertheless, trial and error adjustment of the gains is required (Manthopoulos & Wang,
2020).…”