Comparative Study on the Effect of the Different Harvesting Sources of Demineralized Bone Particles on the Bone Regeneration of a Composite Gellan Gum Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

Abstract

Bone is the rigid tissue that constitutes the skeleton. The material for bone regeneration has to provide the mechanical stability by maintaining the mechanical loads both in the rest conditions and during the body movements. Bone is dynamic tissue constantly reshaped by the action of cells (osteoblasts and osteoclasts). This activity is normally enough to heal bone injuries; however, in several conditions, when bone is subjected to fatal damages, self-renewal is difficult, if not even impossible, and a medical treatment is required. The transplantation of a biomaterial is one of the common surgical procedures to overcome critical injuries. In this study, we exploited the effect of the use of different sources of demineralized bone powder (DBP) in combination with gellan gum (GG) to form a GG–DBP hydrogel scaffold with the purpose of regenerating the bone tissue. DBP was extracted from the femurs of two typologies of Gallus gallus domesticus (the Yeonsan Ogye, a traditional and rare black chicken from Korea, and the Cornish cross, the most common breeds for industrial meat production) and the Pekin duck. The composite scaffold has been tested both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies using rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) confirmed the cellular suitability of bone-specific gene expression for seeded GG–DBP scaffolds, differentiation capacity, and marked upregulation. The scaffold containing a DBP derived from the Yeonsan Ogye (YO) bone showed higher levels of cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in comparison with the scaffold with the DBP obtained from the other studied sources. These results have been related with the higher amount of melanin, studied by fluorescence, of the YO DBP compared to Cornish cross and Pekin duck. Overall, this study clearly shows the use of YO DBP as a promising material in bone tissue regeneration.

A Design of Experiment Rational Optimization of the Degumming Process and Its Impact on the Silk Fibroin Properties

“…The combinations of properties such as high mechanical strength, easy processability, and resorbability make this material unique among the other available biopolymers because of its exceptional versatility . In particular, in tissue engineering, silk fibroin in different structural forms is widely studied as a material for bone, − cartilage, − tendon, − skin, − and cornea regeneration − and, in minor part, for nerve, muscle, spinal cord, and liver regeneration . In addition, the possibility to produce different structures and to chemically modify the regenerated protein allows the use of silk fibroin in an increasing number of frontier applications in which traditional fields like electronics and optics encounter the integration with biology (bio-electronics − and bio-optics − ).…”

Bioactive Composite Methacrylated Gellan Gum for 3D-Printed Bone Tissue-Engineered Scaffolds

“…After printing, scaffolds were chemically crosslinked by exposure to UV light (Analytik Jena UVP crosslinker, Jena, Germany, λ: 365 nm, P: 10 J/cm 2 ) for 10 min. After that, a further physical crosslinking step was performed by dipping the scaffolds for 10 min, in 0.05% ( w / v ) CaCl 2 at room temperature [ 26 , 34 , 43 ]. A schematic summary of the process is depicted in Figure 1 , including the polymer modification, the ink formulation design, the 3D printing and the post-processing.…”

A Gellan Gum, Polyethylene Glycol, Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffold with the Addition of Ginseng Derived Compound K with Possible Applications in Bone Regeneration

“…GG has already been used to develop scaffolds for bone regeneration [32][33][34][35] in combination with other materials able to both improve mechanical properties and enhance biological responses. For bone application, GG has been loaded with several materials, including bioglasses [36], nano hydroxyapatite [35], and demineralized bone matrix [37], among others. These materials both simulate the mineral components of natural tissue and increase stiffness [35][36][37].…”

“…For bone application, GG has been loaded with several materials, including bioglasses [36], nano hydroxyapatite [35], and demineralized bone matrix [37], among others. These materials both simulate the mineral components of natural tissue and increase stiffness [35][36][37]. In particular, the use of hydroxyapatite (HA, the main inorganic component of bone) has been proved to support osteoconduction and osteointegration during bone repair [38,39].…”