Developmental models that account for the metabolic effect of temperature
variability on poikilotherms, such as degree-day models, have been widely used
to study organism emergence, range and development, particularly in agricultural
and vector-borne disease contexts. Though simple and easy to use, structural and
parametric issues can influence the outputs of such models, often substantially.
Because the underlying assumptions and limitations of these models have rarely
been considered, this paper reviews the structural, parametric, and experimental
issues that arise when using degree-day models, including the implications of
particular structural or parametric choices, as well as assumptions that
underlie commonly used models. Linear and nonlinear developmental functions are
compared, as are common methods used to incorporate temperature thresholds and
calculate daily degree-days. Substantial differences in predicted emergence time
arose when using linear vs. non-linear developmental functions to model the
emergence time in a model organism. The optimal method for calculating
degree-days depends upon where key temperature threshold parameters fall
relative to the daily minimum and maximum temperatures, as well as the shape of
the daily temperature curve. No method is shown to be universally superior,
though one commonly used method, the daily average method, consistently provides
accurate results. The sensitivity of model projections to these methodological
issues highlights the need to make structural and parametric selections based on
a careful consideration of the specific biological response of the organism
under study, and the specific temperature conditions of the geographic regions
of interest. When degree-day model limitations are considered and model
assumptions met, the models can be a powerful tool for studying
temperature-dependent development.