Comparative toxicity of Pfiesteria spp., prolonging toxicity of P. piscicida in culture and evaluation of toxin(s) stability

Gordon, Andrew S.; Dyer, Brian; Seaborn, David W.; Marshall, Harold G.

doi:10.1016/s1568-9883(02)00008-2

Cited by 27 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Other important findings are confirmation of toxin production as indicated by cytotoxic activity by filtrate from Pfiesteria toxic strains in bacteria-free media, and of strain-dependent stimulation of Pfiesteria toxicity by live fish. In support of previous research (1,11,15), PfTx was also shown to be lethal to fish and toxic to mammals, and fish mortality from Pfiesteria was exacerbated by physical attack during predation (6). Physical attack by Pfiesteria was earlier hypothesized to facilitate PfTx entry into fish tissues and to generally weaken fish prey (6).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…strains (1,11,14,16), was toxic to fish and to mammalian cells, and at environmentally relevant cell densities. We suggest that previous conclusions that this strain did not produce exotoxin (21)(22)(23) 25) is not a sufficiently sensitive indicator of toxin presence͞absence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As shown by comparison of this study with refs. 21-23 and 25, recognition of variability in toxicity expression and other traits among strains (6), use of culture conditions conducive to toxicity expression (5,10,11), and appropriate assays for toxin will remain critical in forming sound insights about toxicity of harmful algal species and genera.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their toxicity status was operationally defined by a multiagency͞academic consensus group (8). Under conditions conducive to toxicity expression (9)(10)(11), actively toxic (TOX-A) strains, grown with live finfish, are capable of killing fish with toxin involvement at low to moderate cell densities (Ն4 ϫ 10 2 to 10 3 cells per ml, minutes to several hours). Impacts are exacerbated by Pfiesteria physical attack (6,7,12).…”

Section: Toxicity and Its Detection In The Dinoflagellate Fish Predatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additional PfTx is being produced (chemical structure being published elsewhere) so that standards can be developed for routine use. In the interim, various fish assays have been used in attempts to detect toxic Pfiesteria strains (5,6,(10)(11)(12)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). Although some techniques have provided evidence of toxicity to fish (5,10,14,24), researchers using other methods have concluded that Pfiesteria is not toxigenic at the species [P. shumwayae (21,22)] or genus (23,25) levels.…”

Section: Toxicity and Its Detection In The Dinoflagellate Fish Predatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Demonstration of toxicity to fish and to mammalian cells by Pfiesteria species: Comparison of assay methods and strains

Burkholder

Gordon²,

Moeller³

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Toxicity and its detection in the dinoflagellate fish predatorsPfiesteria piscicida and Pfiesteria shumwayae depend on the strain and the use of reliable assays. Two assays, standardized fish bioassays (SFBs) with juvenile fish and fish microassays (FMAs) with larval fish, were compared for their utility to detect toxic Pfiesteria. The comparison included strains with confirmed toxicity, negative controls (noninducible Pfiesteria strains and a related nontoxic cryptoperidiniopsoid dinoflagellate), and P. shumwayae strain CCMP2089, which previously had been reported as nontoxic. SFBs, standardized by using toxic Pfiesteria (coupled with tests confirming Pfiesteria toxin) and conditions conducive to toxicity expression, reliably detected actively toxic Pfiesteria, but FMAs did not. Pfiesteria toxin was found in fish-and algae-fed clonal Pfiesteria cultures, including CCMP2089, but not in controls. In contrast, noninducible Pfiesteria and cryptoperidiniopsoids caused no juvenile fish mortality in SFBs even at high densities, and low larval fish mortality by physical attack in FMAs. Filtrate from toxic strains of Pfiesteria spp. in bacteria-free media was cytotoxic. Toxicity was enhanced by bacteria and other prey, especially live fish. Purified Pfiesteria toxin extract adversely affected mammalian cells as well as fish, and it caused fish death at environmentally relevant cell densities. These data show the importance of testing multiple strains when assessing the potential for toxicity at the genus or species level, using appropriate culturing techniques and assays.toxigenic dinoflagellates ͉ Pfiesteria piscicida ͉ Pfiesteria shumwayae

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