Comparative Toxicity of Size-Fractionated Airborne Particulate Matter Collected at Different Distances from an Urban Highway

Cho, Seung-Hyun; Tong, Haiyan; McGee, John K.; Baldauf, Richard; Krantz, Q. Todd; Gilmour, M. Ian

doi:10.1289/ehp.0900730

Cited by 108 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…However, the toxicity of different volatility and size classes of PM is not well established in the current literature. For example, Cho et al (2009) reported no significant difference in the overall toxicity end points for PM samples collected at 20 and 275 m from an interstate highway. Further research is needed to better understand the toxicity and health impacts of different volatility and size classes of PM from different sources and environmental conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downwind evolution of the volatility and mixing state of near-road aerosols near a US interstate highway

2018

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Abstract. We present spatial measurements of particle volatility and mixing state at a site near a North Carolina interstate highway (I-40) applying several heating (thermodenuder; TD) experimental approaches. Measurements were conducted in summer 2015 and winter 2016 in a roadside trailer (10 m from road edge) and during downwind transects at different distances from the highway under favorable wind conditions using a mobile platform. Results show that the relative abundance of semi-volatile species (SVOCs) in ultrafine particles decreases with downwind distance, which is consistent with the dilution and mixing of traffic-sourced particles with background air and evaporation of semi-volatile species during downwind transport. An evaporation kinetics model was used to derive particle volatility distributions by fitting TD data. While the TD-derived distribution apportions about 20–30 % of particle mass as semi-volatile (SVOCs; effective saturation concentration, C∗ ≥ 1µm−3) at 10 m from the road edge, approximately 10 % of particle mass is attributed to SVOCs at 220 m, showing that the particle-phase semi-volatile fraction decreases with downwind distance. The relative abundance of semi-volatile material in the particle phase increased during winter. Downwind spatial gradients of the less volatile particle fraction (that remaining after heating at 180 °C) were strongly correlated with black carbon (BC). BC size distribution and mixing state measured using a single-particle soot photometer (SP2) at the roadside trailer showed that a large fraction (70–80 %) of BC particles were externally mixed. Heating experiments with a volatility tandem differential mobility analyzer (V-TDMA) also showed that the nonvolatile fraction in roadside aerosols is mostly externally mixed. V-TDMA measurements at different distances downwind from the highway indicate that the mixing state of roadside aerosols does not change significantly (e.g., BC mostly remains externally mixed) within a few hundred meters from the highway. Our analysis indicates that a superposition of volatility distributions measured in laboratory vehicle tests and of background aerosol can be used to represent the observed partitioning of near-road particles. The results from this study show that exposures and impacts of BC and semi-volatile organics-containing particles in a roadside microenvironment may differ across seasons and under changing ambient conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downwind evolution of the volatility and mixing state of near-road aerosols near a US interstate highway

2018

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“…This spatial pattern is not observed for the pollutants most often investigated in impact assessments, such as PM10, PM2.5 (particulate matter up to 10 mm or 2.5 mm in size) or ozone. Furthermore, experimental studies show that the health effects of ultra-fine near-road particles are not necessarily the same as the effects of larger particles [8]. Therefore, common measurement strategies and health assessments may not adequately characterise near-road pollution and associated health impacts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic burden of near-roadway traffic pollution in 10 European cities (APHEKOM network)

et al. 2013

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Recent epidemiological research suggests that near road traffic-related pollution may cause chronic disease, as well as exacerbation of related pathologies, implying that the entire ''chronic disease progression'' should be attributed to air pollution, no matter what the proximate cause was. We estimated the burden of childhood asthma attributable to air pollution in 10 European cities by calculating the number of cases of 1) asthma caused by near road traffic-related pollution, and 2) acute asthma events related to urban air pollution levels. We then expanded our approach to include coronary heart diseases in adults.Derivation of attributable cases required combining concentration-response function between exposures and the respective health outcome of interest (obtained from published literature), an estimate of the distribution of selected exposures in the target population, and information about the frequency of the assessed morbidities.Exposure to roads with high vehicle traffic, a proxy for near road traffic-related pollution, accounted for 14% of all asthma cases. When a causal relationship between near road traffic-related pollution and asthma is assumed, 15% of all episodes of asthma symptoms were attributable to air pollution. Without this assumption, only 2% of asthma symptoms were attributable to air pollution. Similar patterns were found for coronary heart diseases in older adults.Pollutants along busy roads are responsible for a large and preventable share of chronic disease and related acute exacerbations in European urban areas. @ERSpublications APHEKOM network: pollution near busy roads is a large, preventable source of chronic disease and acute episode triggers

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“…Numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated a positive association between exposure to aerosol particles and adverse respiratory consequences (Rogula-Kozlowska et al 2008;Klejnowski et al 2012). Evidence shows that the toxicological and carcinogenic effects of aerosol particles depend on their sizes and chemical compositions (Diociaiuti et al 2001;Cho et al 2009). Aerosol particles of a specific size range have distinct sources, formation mechanisms, and chemical compositions (Hering and Friedlander 1982;Huang et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The continued increase in automobile exhaust emissions has caused severe air pollution problems (Chan and Yao 2008;Xue et al 2011;He and Lu 2012). Particulates originating from mobile sources are thought to be responsible for various adverse health effects, ranging from asthma to lung cancer and cardiopulmonary disease (Rogula-Kozlowska et al 2008;Cho et al 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Chemical Composition of Size-Fractionated Urban Walkway Aerosols Determined by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Cheng

Weng

et al. 2013

Aerosol Science and Technology

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Most aerosol chemical characterization studies to date involve bulk particle analysis. The surface chemical and physical properties of aerosol particles have rarely been analyzed, despite the particles' potential health impacts and interactions with gas in the atmosphere. Aerosol particles ranging from 0.056 to 10 μm in size collected using a 10-stage impactor sampler from a busy walkway in a downtown area of Hong Kong were analyzed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), a technique providing both elemental and chemical state information about the particle surfaces. Six key elements were detected: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), silicon (Si), oxygen (O), and carbon (C). Carbon was the dominant species on the surfaces of all particles regardless of their sizes. A higher carbon concentration was found on the surfaces of the 0.056-0.32 μm particles. The N, Si, Ca, and O concentrations were higher on the surface of the 3.2-10 μm particles than in the smaller size fractions. Sulfur was mainly found on the surface of the 0.32-1.8 μm particles. High-resolution scans of C, N, and S were obtained to provide chemical state information about these elements. Aromatic C-H and aliphatic C-H were found to be the major carbon chemical states. Fullerenic carbon was detected on the surfaces of the finest (0.056-0.32 μm) particles. Oxygen-and nitrogen-containing organics were found on the surfaces of the 0.32-1.8 μm particles. Sulfur was present in the form of sulfates as expected. Ammonium salts, amide, and nitrate were found to form especially on the surfaces of aerosol particles in the nucleation, accumulation, and coarse modes, respectively. Silicates and carbonates were only discovered on the surfaces of coarse-mode particles (3.2-10 μm). The results suggest that both the chemical

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Comparative Toxicity of Size-Fractionated Airborne Particulate Matter Collected at Different Distances from an Urban Highway

Cited by 108 publications

References 53 publications

Downwind evolution of the volatility and mixing state of near-road aerosols near a US interstate highway

Downwind evolution of the volatility and mixing state of near-road aerosols near a US interstate highway

Chronic burden of near-roadway traffic pollution in 10 European cities (APHEKOM network)

Surface Chemical Composition of Size-Fractionated Urban Walkway Aerosols Determined by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

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