“…All full agonist opioid medications as well as partial agonists (e.g., tramadol, tapentadol, butorphanol, buprenorphine) can cause sedation and respiratory depression (Yung et al, 2017). Consequently, clinicians need to practice increased vigilance in assessing and monitoring all hospitalized patients receiving opioids for pain control to ensure effective and safe pain management (Chang, Bijur, Baccelieri, & Gallagher, 2009;Choi et al, 2008;Hutchison, 2006;Komatsu et al, 2007;Maestroni et al, 2007;Manolaraki et al, 2008;Sami Mebazaa, Mestiri, Kaabi, & Ben Ammar, 2008;Tsutaoka, Ho, Fung, & Kearney, 2015;van der Schrier et al, 2017;Yassen et al, 2007;Zeng et al, 2015). The onset and severity of OIUAS and OIRD depend on many factors, including opioid formulation, dose, and mode of delivery; coadministration with other medications; and patient-centered factors related to drug absorption, metabolism, and elimination (Shenk et al, 2016;Takmaz et al, 2008;Weingarten, Hawkins, et al, 2015;Weingarten, Herasevich, et al, 2015;Zedler, et al, 2018).…”