Compared to an Oatmeal Breakfast, Two Eggs/Day Increased Plasma Carotenoids and Choline without Increasing Trimethyl Amine<i>N</i>-Oxide Concentrations

Missimer, Amanda; Fernández, María Luz; DiMarco, Diana M; Norris, Gregory H; Blesso, Christopher N.; Murillo, Ana Gabriela; Vergara-Jiménez, Marcela; Lemos, Bruno S; Medina‐Vera, Isabel; Malysheva, Olga; Caudill, Marie A.

doi:10.1080/07315724.2017.1365026

Cited by 37 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Consumption of dietary cholesterol, specifically coming from eggs, has been shown to modulate leukocyte cholesterol metabolism, lipid raft dynamics, and inflammatory potential, while additionally modulating lipoprotein profiles and markers of HDL function [ 24 , 101 ]. Interestingly, evidence from human studies suggests that these pathways are affected by cholesterol dose and metabolic status, suggesting that efficiency of dietary cholesterol absorption, the presence of insulin resistance, and weight loss can impact the immunomodulatory response to exogenous cholesterol [ 105 , 106 , 108 , 110 ]. Research from animal and human studies further demonstrates that cholesterol-rich dietary patterns differentially impact pathophysiology and clinical outcomes of distinct infectious diseases by various bacterial and viral pathogens, and that dietary cholesterol may either exasperate or mitigate autoimmune dysfunction [ 26 , 100 , 133 , 135 , 168 , 169 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, postprandial serum following egg intake in healthy men has been shown to increase free cholesterol content of J774 macrophages ex vivo [ 109 ]. However, these effects appear to be dose-dependent, as intake of 2 eggs per day for 4 weeks did not alter PBMC mRNA expression of cholesterol genes in healthy men and women [ 110 ]. Together, these studies suggest that egg intake alters leukocyte markers of cholesterol metabolism and lipid raft formation, and that dietary dose, cholesterol absorption capacity, and insulin resistance status may impact cellular responses.…”

Section: Effects Of Dietary Cholesterol and Egg Intake On Lipoprotmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Dietary Cholesterol on the Pathophysiology of Infectious and Autoimmune Disease

Andersen

2018

Nutrients

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Cellular cholesterol metabolism, lipid raft formation, and lipoprotein interactions contribute to the regulation of immune-mediated inflammation and response to pathogens. Lipid pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis of bacterial and viral infections, whereas altered lipid metabolism may contribute to immune dysfunction in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Interestingly, dietary cholesterol may exert protective or detrimental effects on risk, progression, and treatment of different infectious and autoimmune diseases, although current findings suggest that these effects are variable across populations and different diseases. Research evaluating the effects of dietary cholesterol, often provided by eggs or as a component of Western-style diets, demonstrates that cholesterol-rich dietary patterns affect markers of immune inflammation and cellular cholesterol metabolism, while additionally modulating lipoprotein profiles and functional properties of HDL. Further, cholesterol-rich diets appear to differentially impact immunomodulatory lipid pathways across human populations of variable metabolic status, suggesting that these complex mechanisms may underlie the relationship between dietary cholesterol and immunity. Given the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020 revision to no longer include limitations on dietary cholesterol, evaluation of dietary cholesterol recommendations beyond the context of cardiovascular disease risk is particularly timely. This review provides a comprehensive and comparative analysis of significant and controversial studies on the role of dietary cholesterol and lipid metabolism in the pathophysiology of infectious disease and autoimmune disorders, highlighting the need for further investigation in this developing area of research.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Dietary Cholesterol and Egg Intake On Lipoprotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Dietary Cholesterol on the Pathophysiology of Infectious and Autoimmune Disease

Andersen

2018

Nutrients

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“…Eggs are a highly bioavailable source of lutein and zeaxanthin because of their incorporation in the lipid matrix of the yolks [ 47 ]. Recent human intervention trials have reported that consumption of 1.3 eggs for 4.5 weeks in hypercholesterolemic men [ 48 ], three whole eggs for 12 weeks in adults with metabolic syndrome [ 49 ], and two eggs for four weeks in healthy adults [ 50 ] all resulted in elevation of plasma lutein and zeaxanthin. These human supplementation studies confirmed that eggs may represent an important food source for enhancing plasma carotenoids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity of a Short Food Frequency Questionnaire Assessing Macronutrient and Fiber Intakes in Patients of Han Chinese Descent with Type 2 Diabetes

Huang

Lin

Chen

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Few food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) have been developed to assess diet in diabetes patients. This cross-sectional study examined the validity of a 45-item FFQ assessing the intake of macronutrients against three 24-h dietary recalls (24-HDRs) in Taiwan, and compared vegetable and fruit intakes with carotenoid biomarkers. We recruited 126 adults with type 2 diabetes who completed the FFQ and three 24-HDRs administered by a registered dietitian. We measured plasma carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene and lutein) in 71 subjects. Partial Pearson correlation coefficients derived from the FFQs and three 24-HDRs and adjusted for energy were of 0.651, 0.587, 0.639 and 0.664 for protein, fat, carbohydrate and fiber, respectively. Cross-classification analysis revealed that 71.5–81% of the macronutrients and fiber were categorized into the same or adjacent quartiles by the FFQ and 24-HDRs. Bland–Altman plots revealed good agreement for energy/macronutrients/fiber across the range of intakes. Multiple linear regression of backward elimination revealed that tertile levels of dark- or light-colored vegetables obtained by the FFQ were significantly associated with plasma α-carotene and β-carotene, but not lutein. Fruit consumption did not correlate with carotenoid biomarkers. In conclusion, this short FFQ provided a valid assessment of macronutrients and fiber intake in type 2 diabetes patients. Vegetable consumption estimated by the FFQ corresponded to plasma α-carotene and β-carotene concentrations.

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“…The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) removed the longstanding 300 mg/day intake limit for dietary cholesterol from their recommendations, citing the need for further research examining the relationship between dietary cholesterol and blood cholesterol [ 14 ]. Recent studies have shown that consumption of eggs in a healthy population improved HDL functionality, increased plasma carotenoids and maintained LDL-C/HDL-C ratio [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Additionally, egg intake for 12 weeks had the same effects in a population with metabolic syndrome [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intake of 3 Eggs per Day When Compared to a Choline Bitartrate Supplement, Downregulates Cholesterol Synthesis without Changing the LDL/HDL Ratio

et al. 2018

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is associated with high concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The impact of dietary cholesterol on plasma lipid concentrations still remains a concern. The effects of egg intake in comparison to choline bitartrate supplement was studied in a young, healthy population. Thirty participants were enrolled for a 13-week intervention. After a 2-week run-in period, subjects were randomized to consume either 3 eggs/day or a choline bitartrate supplement (~400 mg choline for both treatments) for 4-weeks each. After a 3-week washout period, they were allocated to the alternate treatment. Dietary records, plasma lipids, apolipoproteins (apo) concentrations, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell expression of regulatory genes for cholesterol homeostasis were assessed at the end of each intervention. Dietary intakes of saturated and monounsaturated fat were higher with the consumption of eggs compared to the choline period. In addition, higher plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (7.5%), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (5%) and LDL-C (8.1%) were observed with egg consumption (p < 0.01), while no change was seen in LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, a key marker of heart disease risk. Compared to choline supplementation, intake of eggs resulted in higher concentrations of plasma apoA-I (8%) and apoE (17%) with no changes in apoB. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase expression were lower with egg consumption by 18% and 31%, respectively (p < 0.05), suggesting a compensation to the increased dietary cholesterol load. Therefore, dietary cholesterol from eggs appears to regulate endogenous synthesis of cholesterol in such a way that the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio is maintained.

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Compared to an Oatmeal Breakfast, Two Eggs/Day Increased Plasma Carotenoids and Choline without Increasing Trimethyl AmineN-Oxide Concentrations

Abstract: These results suggest that compared to oatmeal, consumption of 2 eggs for breakfast provided increased plasma carotenoids and improved biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk while not affecting TMAO levels in this population.

Cited by 37 publications

References 46 publications

Impact of Dietary Cholesterol on the Pathophysiology of Infectious and Autoimmune Disease

Impact of Dietary Cholesterol on the Pathophysiology of Infectious and Autoimmune Disease

Validity of a Short Food Frequency Questionnaire Assessing Macronutrient and Fiber Intakes in Patients of Han Chinese Descent with Type 2 Diabetes

Intake of 3 Eggs per Day When Compared to a Choline Bitartrate Supplement, Downregulates Cholesterol Synthesis without Changing the LDL/HDL Ratio

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