Comparing High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and Continuous Training on Apelin, APJ, NO, and Cardiotrophin-1 in Cardiac Tissue of Diabetic Rats

Abstract

Background and Aims. Exercise activity is an important method for managing type 2 diabetes. This investigation examined the HIIT and continuous training on apelin, APJ receptor, NO, and cardiotrophin-1 in the cardiac tissue of diabetic rats. Methods. The animals were categorized into 3 groups of HIIT, continuous (CO), and control (C) (all animals were sacrificed immediately and 2 days after exercise training period). Rats underwent the treadmill exercise program either HIIT (12 bouts at 90–95% of VO2 max with 60 s rest at 50% of VO2 max) or CO (60–65% VO2 max for 40 min). Protocols performed 5 days per week for 8 weeks. Apelin, APJ receptor, NO, and cardiotrophin-1 protein expressions were measured using the Western blotting method in the left ventricle. Results. Immediately after HIIT and CO exercise protocols, apelin and CT-1 protein showed a significant difference in contrast by the C-0 group (p<0.01). However, NO values were substantially higher in HIIT-0 compared to C-0 and CO-0 groups rats (p<0.01). After two days of exercise protocols, apelin and NO protein showed a significant increase in HIIT and CO groups in contrast to the C animals (p<0.01). Moreover, APJ and CT-1 protein significantly upregulated in CO-2 and HIIT-2 compared to the other groups (p<0.01). Conclusions. This study indicates that exercise training, despite the type, is an efficient method to modify apelin, APJ receptor, NO, and cardiotrophin-1 values in animals with type 2 diabetes.

Effects of acute and chronic high-intensity interval training on serum irisin, BDNF and apelin levels in male soccer referees

“…Kon et al [35] depicted that the sprint interval training increased the apelin levels in healthy men. Sabouri et al [36] exhibited through the animal study that exercise increased the apelin levels, regardless of exercise type. Krist et al [37] and Sheibani et al [38] reported that the exercise training diminished the apelin value and apelin mRNA in plasma and fat tissue, respectively, in obese individuals and impaired the glucose-tolerant patients.…”

Factor de crecimiento análogo a insulina-1 y cardiotrofina-1 inducido por ejercicio y su relación con hipertrofia miocárdica en maratonistas

“…Al respecto, no existe información sobre el efecto del ejercicio en los niveles plasmáticos de CT1 en humanos. En rata se ha descrito que el ejercicio incrementa los niveles de CT1 en el corazón, y este aumento es mayor a mayor intensidad del ejercicio 30 . Sin embargo, también en rata, se ha descrito que los niveles plasmáticos de CT1 disminuyen al realizar ejercicio en treadmill y al nadar 31 .…”

Apelin‑13 alleviates diabetic nephropathy by enhancing nitric oxide production and suppressing kidney tissue fibrosis

“…However, the effect of apelin on diabetic nephropathy is currently controversial. A previous study has reported that the levels of apelin/APJ in the serum of patients with diabetic nephropathy are elevated, promoting the occurrence and development of diabetic nephropathy ( 17 ). On the other hand, a different study revealed that apelin-13 could inhibit the morphological changes of renal tubular epithelial cells in the high-glucose environment, thereby inhibiting the occurrence and development of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in glomerular cells, and ultimately delaying the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy ( 18 ).…”