Comparing intensity of pain due to intravenous injection of sodium thiopental, propofol, diazepam, and etomidate during induction of general anesthesia

Abstract

A BSTRACT Aim: The aim of the present study was to compare the pain intensity due to intravenous injection of sodium thiopental, propofol, diazepam, and etomidate during the induction of general anesthesia. Methods: This was a non-controlled quasi-experimental double-blinded study performed on eligible patients referred to the operating room of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Yasouj. A total of 200 patients were randomly selected by convenience sampling and based on a table of random numbers generated on a computer. They were then randomly divided into four intervention groups based on random blocks (sodium thiopental, propofol, etomidate, and diazepam). Finally, the collected data were analyzed using descriptive as well as analytical statistical tests such as Chi-square, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and Bonferroni post hoc test were analyzed in SPSS ver. 24. Results: The results of the present study showed that the diazepam group experienced the highest pain intensity (8.42) compared to other groups, which was statistically significant ( P = 0.001). Also, the sodium thiopental group experienced the highest pain (6.92) after the diazepam group, which was also statistically significant as compared to the other remaining two groups ( P = 0.001). Propofol and etomidate groups experienced the lowest pain intensity (3.30 and 3.26, respectively). Conclusion: The present study revealed that the use of diazepam and sodium thiopental as anesthetic drugs was generally associated with greater pain intensity during injection and less hemodynamic stability. The results of the present study indicated that propofol and etomidate are preferred over diazepam and sodium thiopental in abdominal and gastrointestinal surgeries, considering their less pain intensity and fewer hemodynamic changes.

Impact of intraoperative dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in elderly patients undergoing thoracolumbar compression fracture surgery: A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial

“…[21,39] However, it is essential to note that the use of Dexmedetomidine has also been associated with higher pain intensity during induction of general anesthesia. [40] In contrast, other pharmacological strategies, such as Dexmedetomidine, melatonin, and certain combinations of medications, have also shown potential in preventing POD. [41][42][43] For instance, DEX has been found to be effective in preventing delirium in the elderly undergoing major non-cardiac surgery.…”