Comparing Intimately Violent to Non-violent Veterans in Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Gerlock, April A.; Szarka, Jackie; Cox, Koriann; Harel, Ofer

doi:10.1007/s10896-016-9814-2

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The majority ( n = 31) of included studies reported past-year IPV perpetration ( Buchholz et al, 2017 ; Byrne & Riggs, 1996 ; Dutra, de Blank, Scheiderer, & Taft, 2012 ; Fonesca et al, 2006 ; Foran et al, 2011 ; Forgey & Badger, 2006 ; Gerlock, Szarka, Cox, & Harel, 2016 ; Gondolf & Foster, 1991 ; Heavey, Homish, Goodell, & Homish, 2017 ; Heyman & Neidig, 1999 ; Hiley-Young, Blake, Abueg, Rozynko, & Gusman, 1995 ; Hundt & Holohan, 2012 ; Kar & O'Leary, 2013 ; Kelley, Stambaugh, Milletich, Veprinsky, & Snell, 2015 ; Klaw, Demers, & Da Silva, 2016 ; McCarroll et al, 2010 ; Merrill, Crouch, Thomsen, Guimond, & Milner, 2005 ; Newby et al, 2003 ; Owens et al, 2013 ; Pan, Neidig, & O'Leary, 1994 ; Rosen, Knudson, et al, 2002 ; Rosen, Parmley, Knudson, & Fancher, 2002c ; Schmaling, Blume, & Russell, 2011 ; Sherman, Sautter, Jackson, Lyons, & Han, 2006 ; Slep, Foran, Heyman, & Snarr, 2011 ; Smith Slep, Foran, Heyman, & Snarr, 2010 ; Stander et al, 2011 ; Taft et al, 2009 ; Teten et al, 2010 ; Teten, Schumacher, Bailey, & Kent, 2009 ; Tharp, Sherman, Bowling, & Townsend, 2016 ). The remaining studies measuring IPV in different time periods (i.e.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Past-year physical IPV: IPV : Men : 4478/34712 = 12.9% Women : 1216/8031 = 15.14% CS-IPV : Men : 1618/34713 = 4.66% Women : 268/8031 = 3.34%. Yes T = 31/40 S = 10/14 M = 12/14 Forgey and Badger (2006) 248 enlisted female personnel married to civilian spouse and in military for at least 6-months Cross-sectional study of large Army installation during the summer of 2001 Self-reported violence: CTS Past-year minor IPV: Physical : 75/248 = 30.2% Sexual : 49/248 = 19.8% Psychological : 222/248 = 89.5% Past-year severe IPV: Physical : 28/248 = 11.3% Sexual : 1/248 = 0.4% Psychological : 80/248 = 32.3% Yes T = 25/40 S = 6/14 M = 9/14 Gerlock et al (2016) 441 male Veterans in treatment for PTSD in VA medical centres in an intimate heterosexual relationship (minimum 1-year) Interview and self-report questionnaire by personnel with PTSD Past-year IPV perpetration: comparing Veteran and spouse/partner reports and examination of responses on the Abusive Behaviour Inventory questionnaire PTSD severity: Clinician administered PTSD scale (CAPS) Past-year physical IPV: 117/441 = 26.5% Yes T = 27/40 S = 9/14 M = 8/14 Gondolf and Foster (1991) 218 male patients admitted to inpatient alcohol rehabilitation program for military Veterans over 6-month period (1988–1989) Self-administered questionnaire Alcohol dependency: Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test Perpetration of wife assault in the Past-year: CTS Past-year IPV: Physical : 85/218 = 39% Severe assault : 44/218 = 20% Yes T = 23/40 S = 6/14 M = 7/14 Heavey et al (2017) 257 US Army Reserve/National Guard soldiers with combat exposure and their partners Cross-sectional survey of national guard and reserve soldiers Past-year IPV: CTS Combat exposure: completion of the Deployment Risk and resilience Inventory-2 PTSD: PTSD Checklist Past-year physical IPV Moderate: Men: 37/246 = 17.5% Women: 8/33 = 24.2% Severe: Men: 14/246 = 5.7% Women: 3/33 = 9.1% Past-year sexual IPV : Men: 37/246 = 14.9% Women: 4/33 = 12.1% Yes …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of intimate partner violence perpetration among military populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Kwan

Sparrow

Facer-Irwin

et al. 2020

Aggression and Violent Behavior

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Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global health issue that impacts both civilian and military populations. Factors associated with military service may result in increased risk of IPV perpetration among Veterans and Active Duty military personnel. Six bibliographic databases were searched to identify studies that estimated the prevalence of IPV perpetration among military populations by sociodemographic and military characteristics. Where possible, random effect meta-analyses were conducted to determine pooled prevalence estimates. 42 studies were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. 28 of these studies met the requirements for inclusion in subsequent meta-analyses. Among studies that measured past-year physical IPV perpetration, the pooled prevalence was higher among men compared to women (26% and 20% respectively). Among Veterans, there were consistently higher prevalences compared to Active Duty samples. Similarly, higher prevalences were found among studies in general military settings compared to clinical settings. Further research that considers the impact of the act(s) of IPV perpetration on the victims is needed. This, along with the use of a consistent measurement tools across studies will help to develop a stronger evidence base to inform prevention and management programs for all types of IPV perpetration among military personnel.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of intimate partner violence perpetration among military populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Kwan

Sparrow

Facer-Irwin

et al. 2020

Aggression and Violent Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In another mixed method study, Gerlock et al ( 2016 ) compared (male) veterans (from a variety of wars (14.7% from Iraq and Afghanistan, 7.9% Persian Gulf, 59% Vietnam, 4.5% Korean and 0.9% World War II) in treatment for PTSD who have perpetrated IPV and those who have not. IPV perpetration was assessed by combining veteran and their (female) partner's reports via interviews and questionnaires, allowing an exploration of the type, level and direction of the violence including, if there was a primary aggressor and if the violence was motivated by retaliation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When designing studies of the PTSD-IPV relationship, inclusion of other potential mediators identified in recent research, such as relationship mutuality (Gerlock et al, 2016 ), antisocial features (Taft et al, 2012 ) and social skills deficits (LaMotte et al, 2017 ) should be considered. The role of other military specific risk factors for IPV, for example, traumatic brain injury (TBI; Farrer et al, 2012 ) and substance abuse (Elbogen et al, 2014 ; Tinney and Gerlock, 2014 ) in the PTSD-IPV relationship also needs examination.…”

Section: Conclusion and Implications For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the studies of veterans reviewed relied on samples recruited via Veteran Administration (VA), healthcare setting and clinical populations. Moreover, some studies included veterans from multiple war eras (e.g., Teten et al, 2009 , 2010 ; Wolf et al, 2013 ; Gerlock et al, 2016 ) resulting in wide age range and large span of time in which the traumatic events possibly responsible for the PTSD symptoms may have occurred. Little has also been learned about the dynamics of combat-related PTSD in the intimate relationships of female active duty member and veterans and while many of the studies reviewed included female active duty members and veterans, they were a very small portion of the sample.…”

Section: Conclusion and Implications For Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Role of PTSD in Bi-directional Intimate Partner Violence in Military and Veteran Populations: A Research Review

Misca

Forgey

2017

Front. Psychol.

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Evidence supporting the higher prevalence of PTSD linked to combat-related trauma in military personnel and veteran populations is well-established. Consequently, much research has explored the effects that combat related trauma and the subsequent PTSD may have on different aspects of relationship functioning and adjustment. In particular, PTSD in military and veterans has been linked with perpetrating intimate partner violence (IPV). New research and theoretical perspectives suggest that in order to respond effectively to IPV, a more accurate understanding of the direction of the violence experienced within each relationship is critical. In both civilian and military populations, research that has examined the direction of IPV's, bi-directional violence have been found to be highly prevalent. Evidence is also emerging as to how these bi-directional violence differ in relation to severity, motivation, physical and psychological consequences and risk factors. Of particular importance within military IPV research is the need to deepen understanding about the role of PTSD in bi-directional IPV not only as a risk factor for perpetration but also as a vulnerability risk factor for victimization, as findings from recent research suggest. This paper provides a timely, critical review of emergent literature to disentangle what is known about bi-directional IPV patterns in military and veteran populations and the roles that military or veterans' PTSD may play within these patterns. Although, this review aimed to identify global research on the topic, the majority of research meeting the inclusion criteria was from US, with only one study identified from outside, from Canada. Strengths and limitations in the extant research are identified. Directions for future research are proposed with a particular focus on the kinds of instruments and designs needed to better capture the complex interplay of PTSD and bi-directional IPV in military populations and further the development of effective interventions.

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Screening for Intimate Partner Violence Experience and Use in the Veterans Health Administration

Portnoy,

Relyea,

Presseau

et al. 2023

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceThe practice of screening women for intimate partner violence (IPV) in health care settings has been a critical part of responding to this major public health problem. Yet, IPV prevention would be enhanced with detection efforts that extend beyond screening for IPV experiences to identifying those who use violence in relationships as well.ObjectiveTo determine rates of IPV experiences and use (ie, among perpetrators of IPV) and factors associated with disclosures among adult patients seeking mental health services at the Veterans Health Administration.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used electronic medical record data drawn from a quality improvement initiative at 5 Veterans Health Administration medical centers conducted between November 2021 and February 2022 to examine IPV disclosures following concurrent screening for IPV experience and use. Participants included patients engaged in mental health services. Data were analyzed in April and May 2023.ExposureMental health clinicians were trained to screen for IPV experience and use concurrently and instructed to screen all patients encountered through routine mental health care visits during a 3-month period.Main Outcomes and MeasuresOutcomes of interest were past-year prevalence of IPV use and experience, sociodemographic characteristics, and clinical diagnoses among screened patients.ResultsA total of 200 patients were offered IPV screening. Of 155 participants (mean [SD] age, 52.45 [15.65] years; 124 [80.0%] men) with completed screenings, 74 (47.7%) denied past-year IPV experience and use, 76 (49.0%) endorsed past-year IPV experience, and 72 (46.4%) endorsed past-year IPV use, including 67 participants (43.2%) who reported IPV experience and use concurrently; only 9 participants (5.8%) endorsed unidirectional IPV experiences and 5 participants (3.2%) endorsed unidirectional IPV use. Patients who reported past-year IPV experience and use were younger than those who denied IPV (experience: mean difference, −7.34 [95% CI, 2.51-12.17] years; use: mean difference, −7.20 [95% CI, 2.40-12.00] years). Patients with a posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis were more likely to report IPV use (43 patients [59.7%]) than those without a posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis (29 patients [40.3%]; odds ratio, 2.14; [95% CI, 1.12-4.06]). No other demographic characteristics or clinical diagnoses were associated with IPV use or experience.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of IPV rates and associated factors, screening for IPV found high rates of both IPV experience and use among patients receiving mental health care. These findings highlight the benefit of screening for IPV experience and use concurrently across gender and age. Additionally, the associations found between PTSD and IPV use underscore the importance of strengthening and developing additional targeted treatment for IPV.

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Comparing Intimately Violent to Non-violent Veterans in Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Cited by 11 publications

References 47 publications

Prevalence of intimate partner violence perpetration among military populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Prevalence of intimate partner violence perpetration among military populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The Role of PTSD in Bi-directional Intimate Partner Violence in Military and Veteran Populations: A Research Review

Screening for Intimate Partner Violence Experience and Use in the Veterans Health Administration

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