Comparing Nationally Determined Contributions (Ndcs) to Ippc's +2°C Carbon Budgets Through the Analyses of France and Wallonia Climate Policies

Establishing the energy content of natural gas residential consumption : example with Belgian field-test applications

“…Thanks to the actual RMI barometric pressure data at sea level 𝑃 𝑀 (Pa), thanks to the actual external temperature monitored onsite 𝑇 𝑀 (K) and knowing that temperature decreases with altitude at constant rate of -6.5 K per km up to the tropopause according to ISA assumptions [29], one can replace 𝑃 0 and 𝑇 0 in equation ( 3) to achieve better accuracy for modelling the onsite atmospheric pressure 𝑃 ℎ,𝑀 (Pa). One thus obtains equation ( 4 Pressure at the delivery point 𝑃 𝐷 is thus equal to the onsite modelled atmospheric pressure 𝑃 ℎ,𝑀 additioned to the pressure regulator setting 𝑃 𝑟𝑒𝑔 : 𝑃 𝐷 = 𝑃 ℎ,𝑀 + 𝑃 𝑟𝑒𝑔 (5) Where, in Belgium, 𝑃 𝑟𝑒𝑔 is equal to 21 mbar for 'type H' gas or to 25 mbar for 'type L' gas, as explained. Since the actual pressure regulator devices of the field-test are not known, their potential imprecision (such as the well-known boost and droop [18]) can only be neglected.…”

“…Targets of temperature increase compared to pre-industrial levels have scientifically been linked to remaining carbon budgets of future Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions allowed for all humanity [1]. Actually, in its Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) released in early 2022, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Working Group III (IPCC WGIII) has reported that if humanity does not exceed 890 GtCO2 of emissions from January 1st 2020, it will have 2 out of 3 chances of not exceeding the +2°C maximum limit set in the 'Paris Agreement' back in 2015 [2]. Mitigating GHG emissions is generally associated to the 'low carbon transition' [3], i.e.…”

“…Beside lowering the energy demand, i.e. the 'energy sobriety principle' [4], and increasing territorial carbon absorption [5], it is usually considered that one main pillar of the much-needed energy transition lies in the 'energy efficiency' [4]. Efficiency is always crucial at all levels, both in case of fossil fuel and renewable energy use.…”