“…Both responses are characterized by their ability to recognize pathogen components, transduce the stress signal and induce a defence response. However, the main difference between the both is considered to be the robustness and duration of the response [22].…”
Section: Grapevine Responses To Fungal Diseasesmentioning
Grapevine is one of the most abundant crops worldwide, with varieties destined for fresh and dry consumption, as well as wine production. Unfortunately, grapevine plants are affected by both biotic and abiotic stresses, generating significant economic losses. These conditions can negatively impact grape cultivation at different stages: plant and berry development during pre-and post-harvest, production, fresh fruit processing and export, along with wine quality. Most of the grapevine varieties are susceptible to several pathogens and within this chapter, particular attention is given to fungi (Botrytis cinerea and Erysiphe necator) and viruses, since they are a worldwide concern. Within the latter, special focus is given to the grapevine leafroll disease, a complex and destructive infection. On the other hand, abiotic stress is also relevant in grapevine, and in this chapter it will be exemplified by UV-B radiation and its impact on growth and fruit development, plant adaptive responses and its relationship with the quality of grape berries for winemaking. The main biotic and abiotic grapevine stress factors are reviewed in this chapter, considering a special focus on biotechnological approaches carried out in order to address them and minimize their detrimental consequences.
“…Both responses are characterized by their ability to recognize pathogen components, transduce the stress signal and induce a defence response. However, the main difference between the both is considered to be the robustness and duration of the response [22].…”
Section: Grapevine Responses To Fungal Diseasesmentioning
Grapevine is one of the most abundant crops worldwide, with varieties destined for fresh and dry consumption, as well as wine production. Unfortunately, grapevine plants are affected by both biotic and abiotic stresses, generating significant economic losses. These conditions can negatively impact grape cultivation at different stages: plant and berry development during pre-and post-harvest, production, fresh fruit processing and export, along with wine quality. Most of the grapevine varieties are susceptible to several pathogens and within this chapter, particular attention is given to fungi (Botrytis cinerea and Erysiphe necator) and viruses, since they are a worldwide concern. Within the latter, special focus is given to the grapevine leafroll disease, a complex and destructive infection. On the other hand, abiotic stress is also relevant in grapevine, and in this chapter it will be exemplified by UV-B radiation and its impact on growth and fruit development, plant adaptive responses and its relationship with the quality of grape berries for winemaking. The main biotic and abiotic grapevine stress factors are reviewed in this chapter, considering a special focus on biotechnological approaches carried out in order to address them and minimize their detrimental consequences.
“…In addition, as the above mentioned non-R genes Pm21 and Lr34 encode neither R proteins nor PAMP-receptors, can we call this kind of resistance PTI? Secondly, the Zig-Zag model boils down the complex innate immune system into two forms of responses, PTI and ETI, merely based on the type of the pathogen receptors, assuming that the post-perception processes are similar in PTI and ETI and only their magnitude is different Tsuda and Katagiri 2010). Recently, this difference in the magnitude of induction of downstream pathways between ETI and PTI has been questioned.…”
Section: A Retrospect Of Zig-zag Model Based On Plant-pm Interactionsmentioning
Powdery mildews (PMs) cause disease in a wide range of plant species including important crops. Taking tomato as an example, here we review findings on the genetic basis and mechanisms of plant resistance to PMs. First, we present a summary of our research on tomato resistance to two PM species, with the focus on Oidium neolycopersici. We discuss the genetics of resistance to this pathogen in tomato. Then, we compare different forms of resistance mediated by different resistance genes based on molecular and cytological data. Also, we provide a comparison between these resistance genes in tomato with those in barley, Arabidopsis and wheat, in order to present a model for the genetic basis of resistance to PMs in plants. We try to accommodate these resistance mechanisms in the current model of plant innate immunity. At the end we discuss possibilities to translate these findings to practical approaches in breeding for resistance to PMs in crops.
“…tomato DC3000 ( Pst DC3000) (Figure 3(a)), suggesting limited roles of the SLAC/SLAH channels in basal resistance against a bacteria pathogen. Since PTI plays critical roles in basal resistance [17], this result is consistent with the previous studies showing limited roles of the SLAC/SLAH channels in PTI [4,11]. Growth of Pst-avrRpt2 bacteria (the avirulent strain) was also comparable between wild-type, slac1/slah3 mutant, and SLAC1-OE plants (Figure 3(b)), suggesting their limited roles in the effector-triggered immunity against the bacterial pathogen.10.1080/19420889.2018.1495007-F0003Figure 3. Effects of expression levels of SLAC/SLAH family genes on disease resistance against the bacterial strain Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis .…”
Pharmacological indications suggest that anion channel-mediated plasma membrane (PM) anion efflux is crucial in early defense signaling to induce immune responses and programmed cell death in plants. Arabidopsis SLAC1, an S-type anion channel required for stomatal closure, is involved in cryptogein-induced PM Clâ efflux to positively modulate the activation of other ion fluxes, production of reactive oxygen species and a wide range of defense responses including hypersensitive cell death in tobacco BY-2 cells. We here analyzed disease resistance against several pathogens in multiple mutants of the SLAC/SLAH channels of Arabidopsis. Resistance against a biotrophic oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2 was significantly enhanced in the SLAC1-overexpressing plants than in the wild-type, while that against a bacteria Pseudomonas syringae was not affected significantly. Possible regulatory roles of S-type anion channels in plant immunity and disease resistance against bacterial and oomycete pathogens is discussed.
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