Comparing sound emergence and sound pressure level as predictors of short-term annoyance from wind turbine noise

Abstract

<jats:p>While most of the countries over the world rely on sound-pressure-level-based limit values to regulate wind energy development, sound emergence as defined in ISO 1996-1 is used in a few national legislations but also in international guidelines. There is however no published evidence that sound emergence is a relevant noise descriptor for that kind of source, namely that there is a correlation between this metric and perception or annoyance. A listening test was carried out to evaluate the relative merits of sound pressure level and sound emergence as predictors of annoyance from wind turbine noise. The test samples consisted of 45 30-s wind turbine sounds at three different A-weighted sound pressure levels and five different signal-to-noise ratios. Thirty two persons rated the test samples according to the ISO 15666 standard scale in a dry room equipped with loudspeakers. The results indicate that short term annoyance is better predicted by A-weighted sound pressure levels than by sound emergence. It is also observed that sound emergence is a poor predictor of the audibility of wind turbine sounds.</jats:p>

Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Carcasses of Eagles Killed by Wind Turbines

“…White-tailed Eagle Data. White-tailed Eagles are close relatives of Bald Eagles (congeneric) and Golden Eagles, and are similar in both weight and wing span (Cramp andSimmons 1980, Love 1983) (Dutilleux and Fosset 2020). The 18-km 2 region of development contained 22 known White-tailed Eagle nest sites in 14 territories (Dahl et al 2015) prior to construction work, with another 30-40 territories known throughout the rest of the archipelago (Bevanger et al 2010).…”

“…Initially, 20 2MW Bonus B76-2000 turbines (Bonus Energy A/S, now owned by Siemens Gamesa, Hamburg, Germany) with a hub height of 70 m and rotor diameter of 78 m were installed. In 2005, a further 48 2.3MW Siemens SWT-2.3-82 turbines (Siemens Wind Power A/S, now owned by Siemens Gamesa, Hamburg, Germany) with hub height of 70 m and rotor diameter of 82 m were installed to the west and east of the original 20 (Dutilleux and Fosset 2020). The 18-km 2 region of development contained 22 known White-tailed Eagle nest sites in 14 territories (Dahl et al 2015) prior to construction work, with another 30–40 territories known throughout the rest of the archipelago (Bevanger et al 2010).…”