Comparing the accuracy of ES-BC, EIS-GS, and ES Oxi on body composition, autonomic nervous system activity, and cardiac output to standardized assessments

Abstract

Background and purposeThe Electro Sensor Complex (ESC) is software that combines three devices using bioelectrical impedance, galvanic skin response, and spectrophotometry: (1) ES-BC (Electro Sensor-Body Composition; LD Technology, Miami, FL) to assess body composition, (2) EIS-GS (Electro Interstitial Scan-Galvanic Skin; LD Technology) to predict autonomic nervous system activity, and (3) ES Oxi (Electro Sensor Oxi; LD Technology) to assess cardiac output. The objective of this study was to compare each to a standardized assessment: ES-BC to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), EIS-GS to heart rate variability, and ES Oxi to BioZ Dx Diagnostic System (BioZ Dx; SonoSite Inc, Bothell, WA).Patients and methodsThe study was conducted in two waves. Fifty subjects were assessed for body composition and autonomic nervous system activity. Fifty-one subjects were assessed for cardiac output.ResultsWe found adequate relative and absolute agreement between ES-BC and DXA for fat mass (r = 0.97, P < 0.001) with ES-BC overestimating fat mass by 0.1 kg and for body fat percentage (r = 0.92, P < 0.001) with overestimation of fat percentage by 0.4%. For autonomic nervous system activity, we found marginal relative agreement between EIS-GS and heart rate variability by using EIS-GS as the predictor in a linear regression equation (adjusted R2 = 0.56, P = 0.03). For cardiac output, adequate relative and absolute agreement was found between ES Oxi and BioZ Dx at baseline (r = 0.60, P < 0.001), after the first exercise stage (r = 0.79, P < 0.001), and after the second exercise stage (r = 0.86, P < 0.001). Absolute agreement was found at baseline and after both bouts of exercise; ES Oxi overestimated baseline and stage 1 exercise cardiac output by 0.3 L/minute and 0.1 L/minute, respectively, but exactly estimated stage 2 exercise cardiac output.ConclusionES-BC and ES Oxi accurately assessed body composition and cardiac output compared to standardized instruments, whereas EIS-GS showed marginal predictive ability for autonomic nervous system activity. The ESC software managing the three devices would be useful to help detect complications related to metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease and to noninvasively and rapidly manage treatment follow-up.

Vitamin D Status, Autonomic Nervous System Activity, and Cardiometabolic Risk

“…This instrument combines three devices (ES-BC, TM-Oxi, and SudoPath) that use Open Journal of Internal Medicine bioelectrical impedance, galvanic skin response, spectrophotometry, and an oscillometric blood pressure device [20] [21].…”

“…Steps of the procedure are described elsewhere and details of the devices are discussed in previous publications and the manufacturer's website (http://www.ldteck.com) [20] [21]. The Electro-Sensor Body Composition (ES-BC) device uses a single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer to compute percent fat mass (%FM) using accepted peer-reviewed published algorithms tailored to the general and obese population based on gender, height, weight, age, and activity level [20] [22].…”

“…The Electro-Sensor Body Composition (ES-BC) device uses a single-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer to compute percent fat mass (%FM) using accepted peer-reviewed published algorithms tailored to the general and obese population based on gender, height, weight, age, and activity level [20] [22].…”

“…Arterial stiffness, which is partially a result of endothelial dysfunction, is defined as the opposition to the pressure wave in the arteries, resulting in abnormal systolic and diastolic peaks. Thus, the DVP waveform is mainly Open Journal of Internal Medicine regulated by myocardial and arterial characteristics and is used by the software to calculate indicators of vascular health and arterial status like the systemic arterial stiffness marker derived from the ascending aortic pressure waveform related to atherosclerosis (AIPTG), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and the reflection index (RI), an indicator of stiffness of small and medium arteries [20] [21].…”

“…The left ventricle ejection time index (LVETi) is a measurement of the cardiac output adjusted with heart rate, the pre-ejection period (PEP) is the systolic time interval, which has been correlated with left ventricle contractility controlled by the SNS, and the ratio of these (PEP/LVETi) has been correlated with cardiac performance [20] [21].…”