Comparing the CO2 Emissions of Different Steelmaking Routes

Rammer, B.; Millner, Robert; Boehm, Christian

doi:10.1007/s00501-016-0561-8

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The notation 'Scrap' refers to the usual recycling practice and 'Scrap+' to boosted recycling rate, including strong parallel actions in China as well. In this scenario, the available scrap is estimated to be 1400 Mt in 2050, which is in fair agreement with the estimate of the World Steel Association-1300 Mt [97]. Both these estimates support the forecast that the scrap ratio will rise to the 50% level by 2050.…”

Section: Increasing Recycling-a Key Factor In Overall Reduction Of Cosupporting

confidence: 86%

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A General Vision for Reduction of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions from the Steel Industry

Holappa

2020

Metals

165

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The 2018 IPCC (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s) report defined the goal to limit global warming to 1.5 °C by 2050. This will require “rapid and far-reaching transitions in land, energy, industry, buildings, transport, and cities”. The challenge falls on all sectors, especially energy production and industry. In this regard, the recent progress and future challenges of greenhouse gas emissions and energy supply are first briefly introduced. Then, the current situation of the steel industry is presented. Steel production is predicted to grow by 25–30% by 2050. The dominant iron-making route, blast furnace (BF), especially, is an energy-intensive process based on fossil fuel consumption; the steel sector is thus responsible for about 7% of all anthropogenic CO2 emissions. In order to take up the 2050 challenge, emissions should see significant cuts. Correspondingly, specific emissions (t CO2/t steel) should be radically decreased. Several large research programs in big steelmaking countries and the EU have been carried out over the last 10–15 years or are ongoing. All plausible measures to decrease CO2 emissions were explored here based on the published literature. The essential results are discussed and concluded. The specific emissions of “world steel” are currently at 1.8 t CO2/t steel. Improved energy efficiency by modernizing plants and adopting best available technologies in all process stages could decrease the emissions by 15–20%. Further reductions towards 1.0 t CO2/t steel level are achievable via novel technologies like top gas recycling in BF, oxygen BF, and maximal replacement of coke by biomass. These processes are, however, waiting for substantive industrialization. Generally, substituting hydrogen for carbon in reductants and fuels like natural gas and coke gas can decrease CO2 emissions remarkably. The same holds for direct reduction processes (DR), which have spread recently, exceeding 100 Mt annual capacity. More radical cut is possible via CO2 capture and storage (CCS). The technology is well-known in the oil industry; and potential applications in other sectors, including the steel industry, are being explored. While this might be a real solution in propitious circumstances, it is hardly universally applicable in the long run. More auspicious is the concept that aims at utilizing captured carbon in the production of chemicals, food, or fuels e.g., methanol (CCU, CCUS). The basic idea is smart, but in the early phase of its application, the high energy-consumption and costs are disincentives. The potential of hydrogen as a fuel and reductant is well-known, but it has a supporting role in iron metallurgy. In the current fight against climate warming, H2 has come into the “limelight” as a reductant, fuel, and energy storage. The hydrogen economy concept contains both production, storage, distribution, and uses. In ironmaking, several research programs have been launched for hydrogen production and reduction of iron oxides. Another global trend is the transfer from fossil fuel to electricity. “Green” electricity generation and hydrogen will be firmly linked together. The electrification of steel production is emphasized upon in this paper as the recycled scrap is estimated to grow from the 30% level to 50% by 2050. Finally, in this review, all means to reduce specific CO2 emissions have been summarized. By thorough modernization of production facilities and energy systems and by adopting new pioneering methods, “world steel” could reach the level of 0.4–0.5 t CO2/t steel and thus reduce two-thirds of current annual emissions.

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Section: Increasing Recycling-a Key Factor In Overall Reduction Of Cosupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Scenario for scrap use in steel production from 2015 to 2050 related to world steel production. Redrawn based on scenarios in the literature[95][96][97][98].…”

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confidence: 99%

A General Vision for Reduction of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions from the Steel Industry

Holappa

2020

Metals

165

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“…Direct reduction plants enable a big CO 2 emission saving potential in comparison with the integrated BF route due to the present used reformed natural gas as reducing agent. Reformed natural gas consists to a large extent of hydrogen, which results in lower CO 2 emissions due to the oxidation of hydrogen to steam within the reduction process [12]. The replacement of the integrated BF route by the state-of-theart MIDREX plant, which is based on the reduction of iron ore within a shaft kiln by the use of reformed natural gas, would decrease the CO 2 emissions by 50% in comparison with the reference route [12,32,33].…”

Section: Comparison Of Iron and Steelmaking Routes Regarding Their Co 2 Footprintmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several investigations are working on further optimization of fossil fuel-based state-of-the-art processes like the coke and pulverized coal-based-integrated blast furnace route [9][10][11]. All this optimization steps to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels are limited [12]. For reaching the previous described climate goals within the iron and steel sector, a fundamental change of steelmaking is necessary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of biomass-based production of below zero emission reducing gas for the iron and steel industry

Hammerschmid

Müller

Fuchs

et al. 2020

Biomass Conv. Bioref.

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The present paper focuses on the production of a below zero emission reducing gas for use in raw iron production. The biomass-based concept of sorption-enhanced reforming combined with oxyfuel combustion constitutes an additional opportunity for selective separation of CO2. First experimental results from the test plant at TU Wien (100 kW) have been implemented. Based on these results, it could be demonstrated that the biomass-based product gas fulfills all requirements for the use in direct reduction plants and a concept for the commercial-scale use was developed. Additionally, the profitability of the below zero emission reducing gas concept within a techno-economic assessment is investigated. The results of the techno-economic assessment show that the production of biomass-based reducing gas can compete with the conventional natural gas route, if the required oxygen is delivered by an existing air separation unit and the utilization of the separated CO2 is possible. The production costs of the biomass-based reducing gas are in the range of natural gas-based reducing gas and twice as high as the production of fossil coke in a coke oven plant. The CO2 footprint of a direct reduction plant fed with biomass-based reducing gas is more than 80% lower compared with the conventional blast furnace route and could be even more if carbon capture and utilization is applied. Therefore, the biomass-based production of reducing gas could definitely make a reasonable contribution to a reduction of fossil CO2 emissions within the iron and steel sector in Austria.

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“…Средние энергозатраты на выплавку чугуна в доменных печах ПАО «Новолипецкий металлургический комбинат» (НЛМК) снизились до 20 ГДж/т чугуна. На некоторых доменных печах энергозатраты составляют 15 ГДж/т [1].…”

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Analysis of Energy Efficiency Increase of Cast Iron Smelting in NLMK Blast Furnaces

Филатов¹,

Загайнов²,

Гилева³

et al. 2017

Izv. vysš. učebn. zaved., Čern. metall.

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Металлургические технологии УДК 669.162.283 АНАЛИЗ ПУТЕЙ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭНЕРГОЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ВЫПЛАВКИ ЧУГУНА В ДОМЕННЫХ ПЕЧАХ НЛМК Филатов С.В. 1 , управляющий директор ( filatov_sv@nlmk.ru ) Загайнов С.А. 2 , д.т.н., профессор, зав. кафедрой «Металлургия железа и сплавов» ( zagainovsky@mail.ru ) Гилева Л.Ю. 2 , к.т.н., доцент кафедры «Металлургия железа и сплавов» (ly.gileva@gmail.com ) Курунов И.Ф. 1 , д.т.н., профессор, главный доменщик ( kurunov_if@nlmk.com ) Титов В.Н. 1 , начальник аглодоменного отдела Технического управления ( titov_vn@nlmk.com ) 1 ПАО «Новолипецкий металлургический комбинат» (398004, Россия, Липецк, площадь Металлургов, 2) 2 Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б.Н. Ельцина (620002, Россия, Екатеринбург, ул. Мира, 28) Аннотация. Анализ эффектов и рисков основных мероприятий, направленных на снижение энергозатрат показал, что изменение какого-либо одного параметра, направленного на снижение энергозатрат малоэффективно, наибольший эффект достигается при совместном изменении нескольких переменных. Теоретический анализ позволил выявить основные комбинации изменения режимных параметров, которые обеспечивают наибольший эффект от действия того или иного фактора. Влияние гранулометрического состава агломерата на эффективность доменной плавки рассматривается через влияние среднего диаметра кусков на скорость восстановления и газодинамику верхней зоны печи. Показано, что колебания затрат тепла во многом определяются колебаниями восстановительной работы газового потока, которая, в свою очередь, зависит от гранулометрического состава агломерата. Установлено, что при приближении реакции FeO + CO = Fe + CO 2 к равновесию, снижение затрат тепла на выплавку чугуна достигается путем повышения интенсивности плавки. Проанализированы конкретные пути снижения затрат тепла на выплавку чугуна в доменных печах на примере ПАО «Новолипецкий металлургический комбинат». Показаны основные мероприятия, обеспечивающие снижение затрат тепла в условиях комбината: оптимизация качества железорудных материалов за счет снижения доли фракции +45 мм; повышение интенсивности работы доменных печей до удельной производительности 75 - 90 т/сут с квадратного метра горна печи; работа доменных печей на повышенном до предельно допустимых (по конструкции засыпного аппарата ) значений давления; повышение горячей прочности кокса до 60 - 62 %; вдувание пылеугольного топлива до 140 кг/т чугуна и оптимизация распределения рудной нагрузки по радиусу печи. В результате реализации указанных мероприятий в 2013 - 2016 гг. достигнуто снижение удельного расхода кокса более чем на 10 кг/т чугуна. При этом снижается не только удельный расход кокса, но и расход суммарного углерода топлива. Ключевые слова: доменная печь, расход кокса, суммарный расход углерода, интенсивность плавки, повышенное давление, скорость восстановления оксидов железа, энергозатраты, потери тепла, качество шихтовых материалов, тепловой баланс.

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Comparing the CO2 Emissions of Different Steelmaking Routes

Cited by 16 publications

References 3 publications

A General Vision for Reduction of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions from the Steel Industry

A General Vision for Reduction of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions from the Steel Industry

Evaluation of biomass-based production of below zero emission reducing gas for the iron and steel industry

Analysis of Energy Efficiency Increase of Cast Iron Smelting in NLMK Blast Furnaces

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