“…There were eight simulated in-flight announcements, four of which were action-required, and the others were general announcements. Action-required announcements instructed passengers to fasten seatbelts, lower tray tables, close tray tables, and adjust seatbacks, which were used by Li and Dattel (2018) and Li et al (2020). The general announcements were about the emergency exit, no-smoking requirement, meal service, and destination weather.…”