Comparing the Function of the Upper and Lower Parts of the Serratus Anterior Muscle Using Surface Electromyography

Ekstrom, Richard A.; Bifulco, Katherine M.; Lopau, Carrie J.; Andersen, Christopher F.; Gough, Jason R.

doi:10.2519/jospt.2004.34.5.235

Cited by 104 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The other two electrodes were applied to both SAs parallel to the muscle fibers midway between the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi below the axilla area. The reference electrode was applied to the left ankle on the medial malleolus 6,13,15,20,[26][27][28]32) . To perform maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) of a subject's UT (MVC UT ), the subject sat without a back support, and the neck side-bent to the same side, rotated to the opposite side and extended as resistance is applied at the occipital and shoulder.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, sufficiently strong scapular muscles can maintain an adequate scapular position in the shoulder girdle 12) . In addition, a force couple made up of the SA and UT rotates the scapula upwardly and affects the function of the upper extremity 6, 9, 13, 18, 24−28) , and this has been widely discussed in terms of coordination and the importance of the force couple and scapular muscle strengthening 9,13,26,27,29) . It has previously been reported that insufficient strength of the scapular muscles led to scapular deviations in the shoulder girdle when performing open kinetic chain exercises.…”

Section: Division Of Physical Therapy Education School Of Allied Heamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scapular Kinematics and Muscle Activities during Pushing Tasks

Huang

Siu

Lien

et al. 2013

Journal of Occupational Health

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Division Of Physical Therapy Education School Of Allied Heamentioning

confidence: 99%

Scapular Kinematics and Muscle Activities during Pushing Tasks

Huang

Siu

Lien

et al. 2013

Journal of Occupational Health

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“…2,4,15 As the humerus is elevated, the serratus anterior assists in upwardly rotating and posteriorly tipping the scapula and prevents scapular winging by keeping the scapula flat on the thorax. 2,4,15 Impaired serratus anterior activation has been associated with altered scapular kinematics and has been suggested as one mechanism underlying shoulder impingement syndromes. 9,12 Impaired serratus anterior activation may also lead to compensatory overactivation of synergists, namely the trapezius.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Serratus Anterior Muscle Activation During a Wall Slide Exercise and Other Traditional Exercises

Hardwick¹,

Beebe²,

McDonnell³

et al. 2006

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

145

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Study Design: Single-group repeated-measures design. Objectives: To investigate the ability of the wall slide exercise to activate the serratus anterior muscle (SA) at and above 90°of humeral elevation. Background: Strengthening of the SA is a critical component of rehabilitation for patients with shoulder impingement syndromes. Traditional SA exercises have included scapular protraction exercises such as the push-up plus. These exercises promote activation of the SA near 90°of humeral elevation, but not in positions above 90°where patients typically experience pain. Methods and Measures: Twenty healthy subjects were studied performing 3 exercises: (1) wall slide, (2) plus phase of a wall push-up plus, and (3) scapular plane shoulder elevation. Three-dimensional position of the thorax, scapula, and humerus and muscle activity from the SA, upper and lower trapezius, and latissimus dorsi were recorded. The magnitudes of activation for each muscle at 90°, 120°, and 140°of humeral elevation were quantified from EMG records. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were used to determine the degree to which the different exercises activated the SA at the 3 humeral positions. Results: The intensity of SA activity was not significantly different between the 3 exercises at 90°o f humeral elevation (P = .40). For the wall slide and scapular plane shoulder elevation exercises, SA activity increased with increasing humeral elevation angle (P = .001), with no significant differences between the 2 exercises (P = .36). Conclusion:The wall slide is an effective exercise to activate the SA muscle at and above 90°of shoulder elevation. During this exercise, SA activation is not significantly different from SA activation during the push-up plus and scapular plane shoulder elevation, 2 exercises previously validated in the literature.

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“…For each position, the transducer was placed at the level of the inferior angle of the scapula, corresponding to the lower portion of the SA. It has been hypothesized that the primary action of the lower portion of SA is upward rotation while the upper portion of the SA primarily protracts the scapula [29]. Because the transducer was placed on the inferior portion of the SA muscle and the push up plus results in scapular protraction, the change in thickness recorded at the lower portion of the SA for the push-up plus may not have been accurate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Exercise Position on Percent Changes in Serratus Anterior Muscle Thickness

Day¹

2017

JESO

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Open Access Research Articleassessment tools have limitations. Techniques used to manual muscle test the SA are easy to perform but do not appear to isolate the SA [5]. ElectroMyographic Activity (EMG) and motion analysis provide researchers with isolated and detailed information but interpretation is difficult [7,8]. Unlike other assessment tools, Ultrasound Imaging (UI) provides isolated real time visualization of muscle contraction, thus allowing researchers and clinicians quick interpretation of the contraction of a specific muscle [9,10]. UI has been shown to be a valid and reliable assessment tool for measuring thickness and cross sectional areas of the transversus abdominus, obliques [11] A few studies have investigated muscle thickness measures of the SA in both healthy [16][17][18] and pathological populations [19]. In general, between and within day intra-rater reliability measuring SA thickness has been shown to be good to excellent in health individuals positioned in glenohumeral scaption [16,17]. Only one study has investigated inter rater reliability of SA thickness and the results were modest to poor [17].Other studies have investigated the ability to detect changes in SA thickness using UI. Two studies found no differences in healthy individuals when adding various loads to the UE in scaption at both 90 degrees [16], and 120 degrees of elevation [18]. However, increasing loads during upper extremity elevation does not appears to effect EMG activity of the serratus anterior [20] and therefore, may explain why no changes in the SA thickness were observed between loads using diagnostic ultrasound imaging. One other study has investigated SA muscle thickness in patients with LE compared to controls. Preliminarily and with a small sample size, it appears that UI was able to detect significant differences in the change of muscle thickness from rest to contraction when comparing patients to controls but the mean differences were not beyond minimal detectable change values [16]. Another manuscript by Seitz et al, reported no significant differences in SA muscle thickness in health individuals with and without observable scapular dyskinesia [21].With the available evidence in UI assessment of the SA, it AbstractObjective: A reliable method for measuring SA thickness with ultrasound imaging has been reported, yet the ability to detect differences in levels of contractility has yet to be established. The purpose of this study was to determine if there are differences in the percent change in thickness of the SA during four different exercise positions performed by healthy individuals. Design: Observational study Setting: LaboratoryParticipants: Twenty-eight healthy participants, mean age 26 (SD 4, 57% female, 100% right handed) Methods: Volunteers were positioned in a standardized sitting posture and anatomical landmarks were marked for ultrasound probe positioning. Two resting and two contractile ultrasound images were taken for each exercise position and the average thickness between trials was used in th...

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Comparing the Function of the Upper and Lower Parts of the Serratus Anterior Muscle Using Surface Electromyography

Cited by 104 publications

References 21 publications

Scapular Kinematics and Muscle Activities during Pushing Tasks

Scapular Kinematics and Muscle Activities during Pushing Tasks

A Comparison of Serratus Anterior Muscle Activation During a Wall Slide Exercise and Other Traditional Exercises

Effect of Exercise Position on Percent Changes in Serratus Anterior Muscle Thickness

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