“…Although, R t in East Midlands, North East and North West rise after the control period, in all cases it subsequently decreases towards 1 within a week. These transmission dynamics patterns are also consistent with some country-level estimates in literature (e.g., Kwok et al, 2020 ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 91%
“…All these measures eventually proved effective in curtailing local COVID-19 outbreaks in these countries, i.e. by reducing the effective reproduction number below 1 ( Gatto et al, 2020 , Aleta and Moreno, 2020 , Kwok et al, 2020 ).…”
Highlights
We applied a Bayesian SEIR epidemiological model to infer the local transmission dynamics of the COVID-19 in nine regions of England.
The basic reproduction number (
R
0
) for each region was estimated, and found to be significantly correlated with the population size of each region.
We estimated the temporally varying effective reproduction number (
R
t
) and showed that the control measures were effective.
Based on data before June 2020, our model predicted that several regions have the possibility to experience a second wave of outbreaks.
“…Although, R t in East Midlands, North East and North West rise after the control period, in all cases it subsequently decreases towards 1 within a week. These transmission dynamics patterns are also consistent with some country-level estimates in literature (e.g., Kwok et al, 2020 ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 91%
“…All these measures eventually proved effective in curtailing local COVID-19 outbreaks in these countries, i.e. by reducing the effective reproduction number below 1 ( Gatto et al, 2020 , Aleta and Moreno, 2020 , Kwok et al, 2020 ).…”
Highlights
We applied a Bayesian SEIR epidemiological model to infer the local transmission dynamics of the COVID-19 in nine regions of England.
The basic reproduction number (
R
0
) for each region was estimated, and found to be significantly correlated with the population size of each region.
We estimated the temporally varying effective reproduction number (
R
t
) and showed that the control measures were effective.
Based on data before June 2020, our model predicted that several regions have the possibility to experience a second wave of outbreaks.
“…International travel restrictions [105,106] Improving health facilities [107] Strict quarantine measures [108][109][110] Tracking and testing [47,108,[111][112][113] Built new hospitals for the treatment COVID-19 [110] Building up advisory systems and Creating public awareness [47,114] Stoppage of Non-essential businesses [108,112] Strengthening Government services [115,116] Restriction on mass gathering [108,112,116] School and university closure [108,109,112,116] Curfew [109,112,117] Health data management/ epidemiological data base [47,108,114] State of emergency [108] Internal travel restriction [112] Lockdown policy [111,112,[117][118][119] Decentralised communication [47] community to be proactive, sharing of responsibility [120,121] Stakeholders and clinical manifestation of COVID-19 [45,122] While others made the community be proactive, coordinated the works with clear role clarity, coordinated different polic...…”
Section: Policy Announcement From Selected Countries For Covid-19mentioning
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is affecting society’s health, economy, environment and development. COVID-19 has claimed many lives across the globe and severely impacted the livelihood of a considerable section of the world’s population. We are still in the process of finding optimal and effective solutions to control the pandemic and minimise its negative impacts. In the process of developing effective strategies to combat COVID-19, different countries have adapted diverse policies, strategies and activities and yet there are no universal or comprehensive solutions to the problem. In this context, this paper brings out a conceptual model of multistakeholder participation governance as an effective model to fight against COVID-19. Accordingly, the current study conducted a scientific review by examining multi-stakeholder disaster response strategies, particularly in relation to COVID-19. The study then presents a conceptual framework for multistakeholder participation governance as one of the effective models to fight against COVID-19. Subsequently, the article offers strategies for rebuilding the economy and healthcare system through multi-stakeholder participation, and gives policy directions/decisions based on evidence to save lives and protect livelihoods. The current study also provides evidence about multidimensional approaches and multi-diplomatic mechanisms during the COVID-19 crisis, in order to examine dimensions of multi-stakeholder participation in disaster management and to document innovative, collaborative strategic directions across the globe. The current research findings highlight the need for global collaboration by working together to put an end to this pandemic situation through the application of a Multi-Stakeholder Spatial Decision Support System (MS-SDSS).
“…With the ease of control measures after the first epidemic wave, Europe experienced the COVID-19 resurgence in a few months ( European Commission, 2020 ). Social distancing strategies were effective for mitigating COVID-19 ( Kwok et al., 2020 ). However, this non-pharmaceutical intervention came at a high cost due to reduced economic activity ( Thunström et al., 2020 ).…”
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