“…Other researchers have used 2D visualization methods of urban spaces (in this paper, 2D visualization methods include the perspective projection of the three-dimensional environment onto two-dimensional papers or screens), such as sketches, photographs, videotaping, or computer simulations, to analyze user perceptions of and responses (preferences) to urban spaces [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Visual assessment methods using 2D images as a substitute for a real urban space have been used as an important tool both for research and practice, but they also have limitations related to the visual distortion that occurs when converting 3D spaces to 2D screens or paper [ 10 , 14 ]. In contrast, virtual reality (VR) technology, particularly immersive VR, is expected to contribute to overcoming such limitations of previous studies by allowing users to experience spaces similar to reality and by enabling researchers to design virtual environments and perform controlled experiments as intended [ 15 , 16 ].…”