Comparision of Density Measurement Methods for Unidirectional Flax-Epoxy Polymer Composites

Abstract

Density is a decisive factor in determining one of the most important advantages of flax fiber-reinforced polymer (FFRP) composites, i.e. their relatively low weight leading to high specific properties. As a fundamental physical property of composites, density enters in many engineering design and quality control calculations and its value is a determining factor for several applications. Especially, we need precise material properties including density so as to develop efficient numerical models to these materials. In this work, three density measurement methods were evaluated and compared: Helium-gas pycnometry and Archimedes with two different immersing liquids, water and ethanol. The results show that Helium-gas pycnometry and Archimedes with ethanol gave similar and repeatable results, whereas using water resulted in much lower values. The density values were all in the range of reported values. However, Helium-gas pycnometry or Archimedes using ethanol are recommended for more precision in measuring the density of FFRP composites.

Improved mechanical and water absorption properties of epoxy-bamboo long natural fibres composites by eco-friendly Na2CO3treatment

“…Density of the prepared composites was also measured by Archimedes' principle as per ASTM standard D792 [37, 38]. To determine the thermal properties of the treated and untreated fibre composites, simultaneous thermal analyser (STA8000 by Perkin Elmer USA) was used with argon inert atmosphere.…”

Effect of microcarbon particle size and dispersion on the electrical conductivity of LLDPE-carbon composite

“…The heating process is carried out until it reaches a temperature of 130°C, and then allowed to cool naturally until it reaches a temperature of 115°C. Density test of specimens Density testing is conducted following the ASTM D792 standard (Madsen & Lilholt, 2003;Pramono, Rahman et al, 2022;Pramono, Ruswanto & Indayaningsih, 2022;Saadati et al, 2019).…”

Review on Fundamental Considerations During Lignocellulosic Fiber Characterization in Light Micromechanical Analysis of Their Composites

“…And, lumen affects, the accuracy of diameter measurement and interpretation which in turn alters density estimation result based on the size of the fiber considered during measurement [1,27,31]. So, considering different size of fiber to portray the resulting characteristics of the fiber including density would be crucial [32][33][34]. For this to be possible there are fundamental considerations, required that are assessed from other previous findings.…”

“…In fact, fiber density lignocellulose fiber is essential property which can be used to estimate composite weight before compounding it with the matrix of a known density [33,34,43,44]. It is, also, used to evaluate fiber content for property predictions in fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites [32,33,45,46]. There are two possibilities in the density estimation process of lignocellulose fibers; not known plant density value or the varying density value.…”

“…There are two possibilities in the density estimation process of lignocellulose fibers; not known plant density value or the varying density value. The density is not known whenever the lignocellulose fiber under consideration is new and is at early stage of investigation while the variation may emanate from different reason including agro-ecological zone from where the lignocellulose fiber is extracted, the soil type where the plant and characteristics thereof, the plant age from which the fiber is extracted; lignocellulosic structure of the lignocellulose fiber, the condition under which the measurement is take and the measurement method used [9,14,32,47].…”