Comparison between CARIBIC aerosol samples analysed by accelerator-based methods and optical particle counter measurements

Martinsson, Bengt G.; Friberg, Johan; Andersson, Sandra; Weigelt, Alexandra; Hermann, M.; Assmann, Denise; Voigtländer, Jens; Brenninkmeijer, Carl A. M.; Velthoven, P. J. F. van; Zahn, Andreas

doi:10.5194/amtd-7-3253-2014

Cited by 8 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…(Jäger and Deshler, 2003). Measurements in the LMS show that volcanic eruptions of Grimsvötn and Nabro in 2011 only had minor influence on the particle size distribution (Martinsson et al, 2014), and they were similar to size distributions obtained in periods of small volcanic impact . Therefore, the background size distribution reported by the latter authors was used in this work.…”

Section: Computing the Stratospheric Aodmentioning

confidence: 58%

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Volcanic impact on the climate – the stratospheric aerosol load in the period 2006–2015

Friberg¹,

Martinsson²,

Andersson³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. We present a study on the stratospheric aerosol load during 2006-2015, discuss the influence from volcanism and other sources, and reconstruct an AOD data-set in a resolution of 1° latitudinally and 8 days timewise. Our attempt is to include the "entire" stratosphere, from the tropopause to the almost particle free altitudes of the mid-stratosphere. A dynamic tropopause of 1.5 PVU was found to be the best suited one, enclosing almost all of the volcanic signals in the CALIOP dataset. New methods were developed to handle bias in the data. The data were successfully cleaned from polar stratospheric 10 clouds using a temperature threshold of 195 K. Furthermore, a method was developed to correct data when the CALIPSO laser beam was strongly attenuated by volcanic aerosol, preventing a negative bias in the AOD data-set. Tropospheric influence, likely from upwelling dust, was found in the extratropical transition layer in spring. Eruptions of both extratropical and tropical volcanoes that injected aerosol into the stratosphere impacted the stratospheric aerosol load for up to a year if their clouds reached lower than 20 km altitudes, whereas deeper reaching tropical injections rose in the tropical pipe and 15 impacted it for several years. Over the years 2006-2015, volcanic eruptions increased the stratospheric AOD on average by ~40%. In absolute numbers the stratospheric AOD and radiative forcing amounted to 0.008 and -0.2 Wm -2 , respectively.

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Section: Computing the Stratospheric Aodmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…In addition, organics (Friberg et al, 2014;Murphy et al, 2014), meteoritic matter, soil dust, and volcanic ash can be found in stratospheric aerosol particles. The ash component decreases readily after a volcanic eruption as the large ash particles get gravitationally separated from the sulfate forming volcanic SO 2 layers and subside out of the stratosphere.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanic impact on the climate – the stratospheric aerosol load in the period 2006–2015

Friberg¹,

Martinsson²,

Andersson³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…The analyses are undertaken in high vacuum at room temperature which, compared to the atmospheric concentrations, leads to losses of volatile organic aerosol constituents. 59,60 Recent measurements find considerable quantities of ammonium nitrate in the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone. 61,62 If present in our samples, that compound most likely will be lost to the gas phase in the IAGOS-CARIBIC sampling line because of the elevated temperature (30°C) compared with atmospheric conditions at 10 km altitude and the resulting dry conditions (<0.1% relative humidity).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The uncertainty in the elemental analyses are estimated to be 10%, and the combined sampling and analytical uncertainties are 12%. 60 In this study two layers in the LMS are investigated: the lowest layer range from the dynamical tropopause, defined here at 1.5 PVU, to 5 PVU, and the upper layer spans 5-12 PVU. Potential vorticity (PV) values are obtained from ECMWF analyses on model levels by bilinear interpolation in the time and space to the location of the IAGOS-CARIBIC aircraft.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation and composition of the UTLS aerosol

et al. 2019

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Stratospheric aerosol has long been seen as a pure mixture of sulfuric acid and water. Recent measurements, however, found a considerable carbonaceous fraction extending at least 8 km into the stratosphere. This fraction affects the aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the radiative properties, and hence the radiative forcing and climate impact of the stratospheric aerosol. Here we present an investigation based on a decade (2005-2014) of airborne aerosol sampling at 9-12 km altitude in the tropics and the northern hemisphere (NH) aboard the IAGOS-CARIBIC passenger aircraft. We find that the chemical composition of tropospheric aerosol in the tropics differs markedly from that at NH midlatitudes, and, that the carbonaceous stratospheric aerosol is oxygenpoor compared to the tropospheric aerosol. Furthermore, the carbonaceous and sulfurous components of the aerosol in the lowermost stratosphere (LMS) show strong increases in concentration connected with springtime subsidence from overlying stratospheric layers. The LMS concentrations significantly exceed those in the troposphere, thus clearly indicating a stratospheric production of not only the well-established sulfurous aerosol, but also a considerable but less understood carbonaceous component.npj Climate and Atmospheric Science (2019)2:40 ; https://doi.

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“…4). These three elements exclusively occur within the carbonaceous matrix, and are not abrasion products from ice particles hitting the aerosol inlet as the metallic particles described by Murphy et al (2004) and Martinsson et al (2014). Furthermore, none of the samples was collected Figure 2.…”

Section: Sem Analysis Of the Chemical Composition Of The Refractory Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sub-micrometer refractory carbonaceous particles in the polar stratosphere

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Eleven particle samples collected in the polar stratosphere during SOLVE (SAGE III Ozone loss and validation experiment) from January until March 2000 were characterized in detail by high-resolution transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM/SEM) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. A total of 4202 particles (TEM = 3872; SEM = 330) were analyzed from these samples, which were collected mostly inside the polar vortex in the altitude range between 17.3 and 19.9 km. Particles that were volatile in the microscope beams contained ammonium sulfates and hydrogen sulfates and dominated the samples. Some particles with diameters ranging from 20 to 830 nm were refractory in the electron beams. Carbonaceous particles containing additional elements to C and O comprised from 72 to 100 % of the refractory particles. The rest were internal mixtures of these materials with sulfates. The median number mixing ratio of the refractory particles, expressed in units of particles per milligram of air, was 1.1 (mg air) −1 and varied between 0.65 and 2.3 (mg air) −1 .Most of the refractory carbonaceous particles are completely amorphous, a few of the particles are partly ordered with a graphene sheet separation distance of 0.37 ± 0.06 nm (mean value ± standard deviation). Carbon and oxygen are the only detected major elements with an atomic O/C ratio of 0.11 ± 0.07. Minor elements observed include Si, S, Fe, Cr and Ni with the following atomic ratios relative to C: Si/C: 0.010 ± 0.011; S/C: 0.0007 ± 0.0015; Fe/C: 0.0052 ± 0.0074; Cr/C: 0.0012 ± 0.0017; Ni/C: 0.0006 ± 0.0011 (all mean values ± standard deviation).High-resolution element distribution images reveal that the minor elements are distributed within the carbonaceous matrix; i.e., heterogeneous inclusions are not observed. No difference in size, nanostructure and elemental composition was found between particles collected inside and outside the polar vortex.Based on chemistry and nanostructure, aircraft exhaust, volcanic emissions and biomass burning can certainly be excluded as sources. The same is true for the less probable but globally important sources: wood burning, coal burning, diesel engines and ship emissions.Recondensed organic matter and extraterrestrial particles, potentially originating from ablation and fragmentation, remain as possible sources of the refractory carbonaceous particles studied. However, additional work is required in order to identify the sources unequivocally.

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Comparison between CARIBIC aerosol samples analysed by accelerator-based methods and optical particle counter measurements

Cited by 8 publications

References 58 publications

Volcanic impact on the climate – the stratospheric aerosol load in the period 2006–2015

Volcanic impact on the climate – the stratospheric aerosol load in the period 2006–2015

Formation and composition of the UTLS aerosol

Sub-micrometer refractory carbonaceous particles in the polar stratosphere

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