“…Measuring hemodynamics with TTE has some limitations: the need for a trained sonographer, poor acoustic window, inaccurate diameter calculations, and difficulty maintaining the angle of insonation ( Expert Round Table on Echocardiography in ICU, 2014 ; Narasimhan, Koenig & Mayo, 2014 ). Although the PAC still the gold standard, echocardiography has been used to test newer hemodynamic monitoring systems ( Gola et al, 1996 ; Romagnoli et al, 2013 ; Scolletta et al, 2016 ) and it has been recommended by international consensus as a reliable method for CO estimation ( Cecconi et al, 2014 ). During the last decade, several non- or minimal invasive techniques have been presented, such as pulse wave transit time, non-invasive pulse contour analysis, arterial tonometry, oscillometry, oesophageal Doppler devices, the partial carbon dioxide rebreathing technique, and transthoracic electrical bio-impedance ( Peyton & Chong, 2010 ; Sato et al, 1993 ; Thiele, Bartels & Gan, 2015 ).…”