Comparison of 3 anesthetic protocols for the elective cesarean-section in the dog: Effects on the bitch and the newborn puppies

Vilar, Jose M. G.; Batista, M.; Pérez, Ricardo; Zagorskaia, A.; Jouanisson, E.; Díaz-Bertrana, L.; Rosales, S.

doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.01.007

Cited by 33 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…On a total of 179 puppies, 1.7% showed severe anatomical defects and were euthanized. Although the actual incidence is understudied, this percentage is a bit lower than the 2.8% of cleft palate previously reported [ 30 ], and fit with the range of malformations of 1–3% reported by other studies [ 20 , 31 ]. Excluded those 3 malformed puppies, 160/176 (90%) of Chihuahua puppies born by elective Caesarean section were alive at 24 h after birth, considered as the most challenging timespan for the newborn dogs [ 19 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…To the authors’ knowledge, Chihuahua newborns do not need a targeted Apgar score, as it was done for French Bulldog by Vilar et al, [ 20 ], as the heart rate and the other parameters reported in literature [ 20 , 22 ] are in agreement with the Apgar score introduced by Veronesi et al [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…On the basis of their physiologic lower heart rate, indeed, the score was modified to assess possible breed-related necessities, improving the usefulness of the original model [ 16 ]. Recently, Vilar et al [ 20 ] reported that French bulldogs born by Caesarean section need more clinical care than other breeds, with resuscitation procedures required in more than 50% of the French bulldog puppies. The proportion of puppies needing resuscitation was high also in Chihuahua puppies, 23%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In several studies [ 3 , 6 , 12 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 20 ] the cut-off of Apgar score to distinguish “normal viable” from “less viable” puppies, was 7, while Vassalo et al [ 14 ] used a cut-off of 6 and Batista et al [ 16 ] used a limit of 5. In most cases, the group of “less viable” newborns included puppies scored 0–3 and classified as “severely distressed” plus the newborns scored 4–6 and classified as “moderately distressed”, while Vilar et al [ 20 ] considered only puppies scored < 5 as newborns with reduced vitality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Apgar score was also recognized to be a prognostic factor for the survival in the first 24–48 h of life [ 6 , 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 , 20 ]. Survival rate was reported to range between 43 and 91% in puppies scored 0-3, and between 88 and 100% for those scored ≥ 4 [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Apgar score or birthweight in Chihuahua dogs born by elective Caesarean section: which is the best predictor of the survival at 24 h after birth?

et al. 2020

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Background In the dog, the correct management of parturition and the prompt neonatal evaluation and assistance can reduce the perinatal mortality rates that are particularly high in toy breeds. Newborn evaluation and factors addressing prognosis are pivotal to guarantee the correct neonatal assistance. Assessment of the Apgar score with viability classification and birthweight are recognized as predictors for neonatal survival in dogs, but breed-specific data are needed for a more feasible application in the dog species, in which wide differences among breeds are known. The present study aimed therefore to: (a) assess the role of Apgar score and birthweight as predictors for the survival of Chihuahua newborn puppies in the first 24 h of life; (b) to assess a cut-off of the Apgar score and birthweight values that can predict the survival of Chihuahua newborn puppies in the first 24 h after birth; (c) to assess the possible effect played by maternal parity, newborn gender and litter-size on Apgar score in Chihuahua newborn puppies, in order to provide breed-specific data for a better neonatal assistance. Results Data obtained from 176 normal developed Chihuahua puppies born by elective Caesarean section, showed that 62%, 28% and 10% of puppies were classified in the Apgar score classes 7–10, 4–6 and 0–3, respectively, with survival at 24 h after birth of 97%, 96%, 39%, in the three Apgar classes of viability, respectively. Apgar score was a better predictor for survival at 24 h after birth than birthweight (AUC 0.93, P < 0.0001; AUC 0.69, P < 0.01, respectively). Litter-size of 7 puppies/litter plays a negative effect on Apgar score. Apgar score is a better predictor of survival at 24 h than birthweight, and the best cut-off of Apgar score for survival at 24 h after birth is 4, with 96% sensitivity and 77% specificity. Conclusions The different proportion of “normal viable” and “less viable” neonates in comparison to other studies highlights that Chihuahua puppies born by elective Caesarean section should be carefully evaluated at birth to provide correct assistance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%