Comparison of 3D turbulence measurements using three staring wind lidars and a sonic anemometer

Mann, Jakob; Cariou, Jean-Pierre; Courtney, Michael; Parmentier, R.; Mikkelsen, Torben; Wagner, Rozenn; Lindelöw, Per Jonas Petter; Sjöholm, Mikael; Enevoldsen, Karen

doi:10.1127/0941-2948/2009/0370

Cited by 93 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The probe volume averaging can be observed clearly by comparing the radial velocity spectra, which can be observed in Fig. 6 in Mann et al (2009), andFig. 4 in Sjöholm et al (2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

A six-beam method to measure turbulence statistics using ground-based wind lidars

Sathe¹,

Mann²,

Vasiljević³

et al. 2015

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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Abstract.A so-called six-beam method is proposed to measure atmospheric turbulence using a ground-based wind lidar. This method requires measurement of the radial velocity variances at five equally spaced azimuth angles on the base of a scanning cone and one measurement at the centre of the scanning circle, i.e.using a vertical beam at the same height. The scanning configuration is optimized to minimize the sum of the random errors in the measurement of the second-order moments of the components (u, v, w) of the wind field. We present this method as an alternative to the so-called velocity azimuth display (VAD) method that is routinely used in commercial wind lidars, and which usually results in significant averaging effects of measured turbulence. In the VAD method, the high frequency radial velocity measurements are used instead of their variances. The measurements are performed using a pulsed lidar (WindScanner), and the derived turbulence statistics (using both methods) such as the u and v variances are compared with those obtained from a reference cup anemometer and a wind vane at 89 m height under different atmospheric stabilities. The measurements show that in comparison to the reference cup anemometer, depending on the atmospheric stability and the wind field component, the six-beam method measures between 85 and 101 % of the reference turbulence, whereas the VAD method measures between 66 and 87 % of the reference turbulence.

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“…The probe volume averaging can be observed clearly by comparing the radial velocity spectra, which can be observed in Fig. 6 in Mann et al (2009), andFig. 4 in Sjöholm et al (2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

A six-beam method to measure turbulence statistics using ground-based wind lidars

Sathe¹,

Mann²,

Vasiljević³

et al. 2015

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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“…However, in order to avoid statistical uncertainty, it is recommended that one take multiple measurements, and use them all to fit a model. From Mann et al (2009 and Sathe (2012), it is clear that due to the probe length of a lidar, most of the turbulence scales in the inertial range are filtered out. Modeling the lidar filter function then becomes inevitable, which has fortunately been carried out by Smalikho (1995), Banakh et al (1996), Frehlich (1997, Smalikho et al (2005), Sjöholm et al (2009) andMann et al (2009).…”

Section: Classification Of the Previous Work According To The Estimamentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of turbulence measurements using ground-based wind lidars

Sathe¹,

Mann²

2013

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

154

117

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Abstract.A review of turbulence measurements using ground-based wind lidars is carried out. Works performed in the last 30 yr, i.e., from 1972-2012 are analyzed. More than 80 % of the work has been carried out in the last 15 yr, i.e., from 1997-2012. New algorithms to process the raw lidar data were pioneered in the first 15 yr, i.e., from 1972-1997, when standard techniques could not be used to measure turbulence. Obtaining unfiltered turbulence statistics from the large probe volume of the lidars has been and still remains the most challenging aspect. Until now, most of the processing algorithms that have been developed have shown that by combining an isotropic turbulence model with raw lidar measurements, we can obtain unfiltered statistics. We believe that an anisotropic turbulence model will provide a more realistic measure of turbulence statistics. Future development in algorithms will depend on whether the unfiltered statistics can be obtained without the aid of any turbulence model. With the tremendous growth of the wind energy sector, we expect that lidars will be used for turbulence measurements much more than ever before.

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“…The coordinated VTS scan pattern involves interrogating a common volume using multiple Doppler lidars at pre-defined heights at a given location to form a "virtual tower" (Calhoun et al, 2006;Mann et al, 2009;Fuertes et al, 2014;Gunter et al, 2015;Newman et al, 2016). A schematic of the triple lidar VTS scan tested during the XPIA field experiment is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Coordinated Triple-doppler Virtual Tower Staresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Uncertainties in 3-D wind-field retrievals using triple-Doppler lidar techniques have also been investigated. For example, Mann et al (2009), Fuertes et al (2014 and Newman et al (2016) present a detailed analysis of 3-D winds and turbulence measurements made using staring triple-Doppler measurements, while Berg et al (2015) present validation of 3-D wind measurements made through continuous scanning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of single and multiple Doppler lidar techniques to measure complex flow during the XPIA field campaign

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Accurate three-dimensional information of wind flow fields can be an important tool in not only visualizing complex flow but also understanding the underlying physical processes and improving flow modeling. However, a thorough analysis of the measurement uncertainties is required to properly interpret results. The XPIA (eXperimental Planetary boundary layer Instrumentation Assessment) field campaign conducted at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory (BAO) in Erie, CO, from 2 March to 31 May 2015 brought together a large suite of in situ and remote sensing measurement platforms to evaluate complex flow measurement strategies.In this paper, measurement uncertainties for different single and multi-Doppler strategies using simple scan geometries (conical, vertical plane and staring) are investigated. The tradeoffs (such as time-space resolution vs. spatial coverage) among the different measurement techniques are evaluated using co-located measurements made near the BAO tower. Sensitivity of the single-/multi-Doppler measurement uncertainties to averaging period are investigated using the sonic anemometers installed on the BAO tower as the standard reference. Finally, the radiometer measurements are used to partition the measurement periods as a function of atmospheric stability to determine their effect on measurement uncertainty.It was found that with an increase in spatial coverage and measurement complexity, the uncertainty in the wind measurement also increased. For multi-Doppler techniques, the increase in uncertainty for temporally uncoordinated measurements is possibly due to requiring additional assumptions of stationarity along with horizontal homogeneity and less representative line-of-sight velocity statistics. It was also found that wind speed measurement uncertainty was lower during stable conditions compared to unstable conditions.

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Comparison of 3D turbulence measurements using three staring wind lidars and a sonic anemometer

Cited by 93 publications

References 3 publications

A six-beam method to measure turbulence statistics using ground-based wind lidars

A six-beam method to measure turbulence statistics using ground-based wind lidars

A review of turbulence measurements using ground-based wind lidars

Evaluation of single and multiple Doppler lidar techniques to measure complex flow during the XPIA field campaign

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