Comparison of a commercial powder and a powder produced from Ti-6Al-4V chips and their effects on compacts sintered by the sinter-HIP method

Ustundag, Mustafa; Varol, Remzı

doi:10.1007/s12613-019-1787-8

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This influence is attributed to the formation of a nanosized martensite phase [ 7 ]. A similar trend was observed in other metals, affected by milling time as well [ 8 , 9 , 11 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 32 ].…”

Section: Recycling Chips For Powder Metallurgy Applicationssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Some researchers studied compacted disks of Al powder using recycled chips, chemically cleaned prior to milling to reduce oxide on surfaces, attaining a green density of 80%; these authors attributed the lack of strength of sintered powders to the weak densification [ 10 ]. Other study applied hot isostatic pressing (HIP) to increase the density of compacted and sintered Ti 6 Al 4 V powder, but the densification of commercial powders was still higher than powders produced by milling [ 32 ]. With regards to the densification of recycled powders through conventional techniques, some authors suggested the production of porous bearings or even high-density P/M structural components, using recycled tin bronze powder [ 23 ].…”

Section: Recycling Chips For Powder Metallurgy Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reduction in mechanical properties, such as strength and hardness, of recycled powders is attributed to efficiency of densification [ 8 , 10 , 23 , 32 ].…”

Section: Recycling Chips For Powder Metallurgy Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From Machining Chips to Raw Material for Powder Metallurgy—A Review

et al. 2021

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Chips are obtained by subtractive processes such as machining workpieces and until recently considered as waste. However, in recent years they are shown to have great potential as sustainable raw materials for powder technologies. Powder production from metal chips, through the application of solid-state processes, seems to be an alternative to conventional atomization from liquid cooled with different fluids. However, chip material and processing have an essential role in the characteristics of powder particles, such as particle size, shape, size distribution and structure (4S’s), which are essential parameters that must be considered having in mind the powder process and the metallurgy applications. Moreover, different approaches refereed in the application of this new “powder process” are highlighted. The goal is to show how the actual research has been transforming subtractive processes from a contributor of wastes to clean technologies.

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Section: Recycling Chips For Powder Metallurgy Applicationssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Recycling Chips For Powder Metallurgy Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From Machining Chips to Raw Material for Powder Metallurgy—A Review

et al. 2021

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“…The quality and properties of the feedstock materials depend a lot on the manufacturing process, which, in the case of metal powders for LPBF, can be quite varied [18,[62][63][64][65][66][67], ranging from rotary, water, and gas atomization [66][67][68][69][70] to the plasma rotating electrode process (PREP) [71,72]. Furthermore, in order to make the additive manufacturing process more cost-efficient and to reduce the price of the feedstock, the reuse of scraps and chips produced by traditional manufacturing of expensive metals and alloys (i.e., Ti-6Al-4V, aluminum) was proposed via spheroidization [73,74] and milling [75,76].…”

Section: Powder Feedstock Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Material Reuse in Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Side Effects of the Laser—Metal Powder Interaction

Santecchia

Spigarelli

Cabibbo

2020

Metals

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Metal additive manufacturing is changing the way in which engineers and designers model the production of three-dimensional (3D) objects, with rapid growth seen in recent years. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is the most used metal additive manufacturing technique, and it is based on the efficient interaction between a high-energy laser and a metal powder feedstock. To make LPBF more cost-efficient and environmentally friendly, it is of paramount importance to recycle (reuse) the unfused powder from a build job. However, since the laser-powder interaction involves complex physics phenomena and generates by-products which might affect the integrity of the feedstock and the final build part, a better understanding of the overall process should be attained. The present review paper is focused on the clarification of the interaction between laser and metal powder, with a strong focus on its side effects. Figure 1. Schematics of the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) equipment. Adapted from Reference [9] with permission from Elsevier.While the market and the applications of laser powder bed fusion continuously and impressively grew in recent years, there is a common view across users and researchers concerning the repeatability of the process in terms of chemical composition and mechanical properties of the final parts, which are of paramount importance when challenging environmental or testing conditions are considered [10][11][12][13][14][15][16].The most typical approach to study the microstructural and mechanical properties of parts built by LPBF is to compare them with castings of the same alloy or, rather, the corresponding alloy since the starting material is metal powder rather than a fuse. However, in some existing alloys designed for cast and wrought parts, laser additive manufacturing processing results in cracking or other microstructure deficiencies [11,12,16,17]. It is worth noting that LPBF has more similarities with laser welding rather than casting, since the two laser-based techniques have some common features (i.e., melt-pool formation, moving heat source) [18]. However, process parameters are, in general, quite different in terms of laser power and scan speed, and the laser-matter interaction is much more complicated in LPBF processes, since the powder feedstock is inherently unstable and the solidified material undergoes multiple thermal cycles corresponding to the fusion of subsequent layers during the additive process [19][20][21][22]. Furthermore, owing to the similarities with welding and to the complicated interaction between laser and metal particles, when comparing laser powder bed fusion with other metal forming processes, it is evident that the range of processable alloys is very limited and the number of high-productivity commercially available alloys is even smaller [23]. One of the reasons behind this is that the level of metal powder sensitivity to the laser action during LPBF is not yet fully understood, despite the efforts of the scientific community to uncover it [24][25][26][27], and ...

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