Comparison of active and passive spectroscopic methods to investigate atmospheric inductively coupled plasmas

Regt, de Jm Hans; Groote, de Fpj Frank; Mullen, van der Jjam Joost; Schram, DC Daan

doi:10.1016/0584-8547(96)01491-7

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The format of the table is similar to that given and discussed by Wiese. 35 De Regt et al 111 and Torres et al 112 have classified the methods as direct or indirect, and as active or passive. Methods are considered ''direct'' when they allow the value of the parameter of interest (T, n e ) to be obtained without making any assumption about the type and degree of equilibrium existing in the plasma.…”

Section: Expression Description Equation Numbermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…96 With regard to the articles cited, they can be divided into broad categories dealing with population distributions and deviations from equilibrium, [97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110] classification of diagnostic methods, 111,112 local and space-integrated intensity definitions, 113,114 ion-toneutral ratios and their diagnostic relevance, [115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125] line-to-continuum ratios, [126][127][128][129][130][131] scattering methods, [132][133][134][135] evaluation of electron number density and plasma temperature, including Stark broadening of H-lines, Stark broadening of non-hydrogenic transitions, influence of the instrumental profile, [199][200][201][202][203][204] calibration of...…”

Section: Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium Theoretical Equilibrium Expmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Part I: Review of Basic Diagnostics and Plasma—Particle Interactions: Still-Challenging Issues within the Analytical Plasma Community

2010

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Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has become a very popular analytical method in the last decade in view of some of its unique features such as applicability to any type of sample, practically no sample preparation, remote sensing capability, and speed of analysis. The technique has a remarkably wide applicability in many fields, and the number of applications is still growing. From an analytical point of view, the quantitative aspects of LIBS may be considered its Achilles' heel, first due to the complex nature of the laser–sample interaction processes, which depend upon both the laser characteristics and the sample material properties, and second due to the plasma–particle interaction processes, which are space and time dependent. Together, these may cause undesirable matrix effects. Ways of alleviating these problems rely upon the description of the plasma excitation-ionization processes through the use of classical equilibrium relations and therefore on the assumption that the laser-induced plasma is in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). Even in this case, the transient nature of the plasma and its spatial inhomogeneity need to be considered and overcome in order to justify the theoretical assumptions made. This first article focuses on the basic diagnostics aspects and presents a review of the past and recent LIBS literature pertinent to this topic. Previous research on non-laser-based plasma literature, and the resulting knowledge, is also emphasized. The aim is, on one hand, to make the readers aware of such knowledge and on the other hand to trigger the interest of the LIBS community, as well as the larger analytical plasma community, in attempting some diagnostic approaches that have not yet been fully exploited in LIBS.

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Section: Expression Description Equation Numbermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium Theoretical Equilibrium Expmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Part I: Review of Basic Diagnostics and Plasma—Particle Interactions: Still-Challenging Issues within the Analytical Plasma Community

2010

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“…So, to get a better understanding of CAPs we have to employ the method of poly-diagnostics. An approach that was introduced in the experimental characterization of atmospheric Inductively Coupled Plasmas (ICPs) [4] and recently applied to low pressure surfatron discharges [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric microwave-induced plasmas in Ar/H₂ mixtures studied with a combination of passive and active spectroscopic methods

Palomares¹,

Iordanova²,

Gamero³

et al. 2010

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Several active and passive diagnostic methods have been used to study atmospheric microwave induced plasmas created by a surfatron operating at a frequency of 2.45 GHz and with power values between 57 and 88 W. By comparing the results with each other, insight is obtained into essential plasma quantities, their radial distributions and the reliability of the diagnostic methods. Two laser techniques have been used, namely Thomson scattering (TS) for the determination of the electron density, n e , and temperature, T e , and Rayleigh scattering (RyS) for the determination of the heavy particle temperature, T g . In combination, three passive spectroscopic techniques are applied, the line broadening of the H β line to determine n e , and two methods of absolute intensity measurements to obtain n e and T e . The active techniques provide spatial resolution in small plasmas with sizes in the order of 0.5 mm. The results of n e measured with three different methods show good agreement, independent of the plasma settings. The T e values obtained with two techniques are in good agreement for the condition of a pure argon plasma, but they show deviations when H 2 is introduced. The introduction of a small amount (0.3 %) of H 2 into an argon plasma induces contraction, reduces n e , increases T e , enhances the departure from equilibrium and leads to conditions that are close to those found in cool atmospheric plasmas.

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“…Laser-induced saturated fluorescence yields time-resolved spatial maps of ground state analyte atoms and ions, as well as argon excited states [29,30]. Passive spectroscopic methods simply observe the radiation emitted by the plasma [18,19,31], and have been used to study (a) vertical and radial profiles of interference effects, (b) the effects of varying the interferents, (c) effect of varying rf power, (d) nebulizer effects, and (e) shifts in ionization equilibria [2,[32][33][34][35][36].…”

Section: Plasma Diagnostics: Active and Passive Spectroscopic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma Diagnostics through Kinetic Modelling: Characterization of Matrix Effects during ICP and Flame Atomic Spectrometry in terms of Collisional Radiative Recombination Activation Energy?A Review

Zaranyika¹,

Mahamadi²

2013

J Anal Bioanal Tech

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Comparison of active and passive spectroscopic methods to investigate atmospheric inductively coupled plasmas

Cited by 29 publications

References 18 publications

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Part I: Review of Basic Diagnostics and Plasma—Particle Interactions: Still-Challenging Issues within the Analytical Plasma Community

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Part I: Review of Basic Diagnostics and Plasma—Particle Interactions: Still-Challenging Issues within the Analytical Plasma Community

Atmospheric microwave-induced plasmas in Ar/H₂ mixtures studied with a combination of passive and active spectroscopic methods

Plasma Diagnostics through Kinetic Modelling: Characterization of Matrix Effects during ICP and Flame Atomic Spectrometry in terms of Collisional Radiative Recombination Activation Energy?A Review

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Comparison of active and passive spectroscopic methods to investigate atmospheric inductively coupled plasmas

Cited by 29 publications

References 18 publications

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Part I: Review of Basic Diagnostics and Plasma—Particle Interactions: Still-Challenging Issues within the Analytical Plasma Community

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Part I: Review of Basic Diagnostics and Plasma—Particle Interactions: Still-Challenging Issues within the Analytical Plasma Community

Atmospheric microwave-induced plasmas in Ar/H2 mixtures studied with a combination of passive and active spectroscopic methods

Plasma Diagnostics through Kinetic Modelling: Characterization of Matrix Effects during ICP and Flame Atomic Spectrometry in terms of Collisional Radiative Recombination Activation Energy?A Review

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Atmospheric microwave-induced plasmas in Ar/H₂ mixtures studied with a combination of passive and active spectroscopic methods