Comparison of air-agitated liquid–liquid microextraction technique and conventional dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction for determination of triazole pesticides in aqueous samples by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection

A Review on Microextraction Techniques for Selected Triazole Fungicides Determination in Water and Food Samples

“…In this case the dispersion is made by introducing air repeatedly sucking the sample-extractant mixture with a syringe until the solution becomes turbid. Very good RSD values were obtained in the works that used this technique (1-7%) as well as good recovery values (81-113%) [58][59][60][61].…”

Extraction and determination of tricyclic antidepressants in real samples using air‐dispersed liquid–liquid microextraction prior to gas chromatography and flame ionization detection

“…At the first injection, the organic extractant along with the air was injected into the tube to form a mixture of the organic solvent and the sample solution and then the other times of aspiration and injection was performed by this mixture. Partly similar to the multiple batch extractions, it is predictable that by increasing the number of airinjection, the EFs and extraction recoveries should also be increased [17,18]. So, to reach the equilibrium state, a various number of the air-injection was studied and the results were shown in Figure 2C.…”

“…One way of enabling the application of low‐density solvents is the use of special designed extraction devices . Also, a novel microextraction technique termed as air‐agitated or air‐assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (AALLME) was developed recently, in which air was used as an assisting agent for the agitation of the solutions in the absence of any disperser solvents .…”

Air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction by solidifying the floating organic droplets for the rapid determination of seven fungicide residues in juice samples

“…Recently, Farajzadeh and Mogaddam developed a novel simple microextraction technique without dispersive solvent termed as air-agitated liquid-liquid microextraction (AALLME) [18], in which, fine organic droplets are formed by repeated pulling in and pushing out of the mixture of aqueous sample solution and extraction solvent in a conical test tube by means of a syringe. The AALLME technique has been applied to determine the aliphatic amines [19], phthalate esters [18] and pesticides [20,21] in aqueous samples. However, the extraction solvents selected were high-density and toxic halogenated hydrocarbons or low density extraction solvent which must be collected using special device after centrifugation.…”