Comparison of All-Cause Mortality Rates and Inequities Between Black and White Populations Across the 30 Most Populous US Cities

Benjamins, Maureen R.; Silva, Abigail; Saiyed, Nazia S.; Maio, Fernando G. De

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.32086

Cited by 90 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 44 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Foremost among these root causes is systemic racism; extensive research has shown that systems of power in the US structure opportunity and assign value in ways that unfairly disadvantage Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Indigenous populations, and unfairly advantage White people. 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Many of the same factors placed these populations at greater risk from covid-19. 13 14 15 76 77 78 79 80 The higher prevalence of comorbid conditions in many racial or marginalized groups is a reflection of unequal access to the social determinants of health (eg, education, income, and justice) and not their race, ethnicity, or other socially determined constructs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evidence of disproportionate reductions in life expectancy among racial and ethnic groups in the US, such as the disparities reported here, draws attention to the root causes of racial inequities in health, wealth, and wellbeing. Foremost among these root causes is systemic racism; extensive research has shown that systems of power in the US structure opportunity and assign value in ways that unfairly disadvantage Black, Hispanic, Asian, and Indigenous populations, and unfairly advantage White people 69707172737475. Many of the same factors placed these populations at greater risk from covid-19 1314157677787980.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effect of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 on life expectancy across populations in the USA and other high income countries: simulations of provisional mortality data

Woolf

Masters

Aron

2021

BMJ

133

128

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective To estimate changes in life expectancy in 2010-18 and during the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 across population groups in the United States and to compare outcomes with peer nations. Design Simulations of provisional mortality data. Setting US and 16 other high income countries in 2010-18 and 2020, by sex, including an analysis of US outcomes by race and ethnicity. Population Data for the US and for 16 other high income countries from the National Center for Health Statistics and the Human Mortality Database, respectively. Main outcome measures Life expectancy at birth, and at ages 25 and 65, by sex, and, in the US only, by race and ethnicity. Analysis excluded 2019 because life table data were not available for many peer countries. Life expectancy in 2020 was estimated by simulating life tables from estimated age specific mortality rates in 2020 and allowing for 10% random error. Estimates for 2020 are reported as medians with fifth and 95th centiles. Results Between 2010 and 2018, the gap in life expectancy between the US and the peer country average increased from 1.88 years (78.66 v 80.54 years, respectively) to 3.05 years (78.74 v 81.78 years). Between 2018 and 2020, life expectancy in the US decreased by 1.87 years (to 76.87 years), 8.5 times the average decrease in peer countries (0.22 years), widening the gap to 4.69 years. Life expectancy in the US decreased disproportionately among racial and ethnic minority groups between 2018 and 2020, declining by 3.88, 3.25, and 1.36 years in Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White populations, respectively. In Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black populations, reductions in life expectancy were 18 and 15 times the average in peer countries, respectively. Progress since 2010 in reducing the gap in life expectancy in the US between Black and White people was erased in 2018-20; life expectancy in Black men reached its lowest level since 1998 (67.73 years), and the longstanding Hispanic life expectancy advantage almost disappeared. Conclusions The US had a much larger decrease in life expectancy between 2018 and 2020 than other high income nations, with pronounced losses among the Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black populations. A longstanding and widening US health disadvantage, high death rates in 2020, and continued inequitable effects on racial and ethnic minority groups are likely the products of longstanding policy choices and systemic racism.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 on life expectancy across populations in the USA and other high income countries: simulations of provisional mortality data

Woolf

Masters

Aron

2021

BMJ

133

128

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There is growing evidence that social inequities explain mortality rates in a wide range of diseases [12,32]. In the case of COVID-19, some studies suggest an increased risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2 among social groups characterised by vulnerability factors [33,34] and an increase in the lethality of the disease [35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Inequities in the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown Measures on the Mental Health of a Large Sample of the Colombian Population (PSY-COVID Study)

Sanabria‐Mazo

Useche-Aldana²,

Cucaleano³

et al. 2021

JCM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The identification of general population groups particularly vulnerable to the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on mental health and the development of healthcare policies are priority challenges in the current and future pandemics. This study aimed to identify the personal and social determinants of the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on mental health in a large sample of the Colombian population. In this cross-sectional study, an anonymous online survey was answered by 18,061 participants from the general population residing in Colombia during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak (from 20 May to 20 June 2020). The risk of depression, anxiety, and somatization disorders were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-2), and Somatic Symptom Questionnaire (SSQ-5), respectively. Overall, 35% of participants showed risk of depression, 29% of anxiety, and 31% of somatization. According to the analysis of social determinants of health, the most affected groups were people with low incomes, students, and young adults (18–29 years). Specifically, low-income young females were the most at-risk population group. These findings show how the lockdown measures affected the general population’s mental health in Colombia and highlight some social risk factors in health.

show abstract

“…28−30 Specific examples of downstream racial inequities from bias are observed in provision of pain control, infant mortality rates, misdiagnosis rates, among many other clinical outcomes, including importantly all-cause mortality. 17,22,31,32 It remains unsurprising that the healthcare community has failed to earn the trust of BIPOC patients despite physicians being a highly trusted resource in general. 22,24,33…”

Section: Law Enforcement Violence Represents Only One Aspect Of Systemic Racismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Law Enforcement Violence in the Black Community: A Catalyst for Clinician Engagement in Social Justice

Montoya-Barthelemy

Abrar

Medina

et al. 2022

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Comparison of All-Cause Mortality Rates and Inequities Between Black and White Populations Across the 30 Most Populous US Cities

Cited by 90 publications

References 44 publications

Effect of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 on life expectancy across populations in the USA and other high income countries: simulations of provisional mortality data

Effect of the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 on life expectancy across populations in the USA and other high income countries: simulations of provisional mortality data

Social Inequities in the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown Measures on the Mental Health of a Large Sample of the Colombian Population (PSY-COVID Study)

Law Enforcement Violence in the Black Community: A Catalyst for Clinician Engagement in Social Justice

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About