“…Students also have mixed feelings about whether online learning can nurture the knowledge and skills necessary for their career goals (Lee et al, 2019) and face a learning environment in self-isolation (Lederman, 2020;Milman, 2020). Thus, the quality and effectiveness of traditional and online education need to be equivalent, particularly when each modality is implemented on its own (Cummings et al, 2019), which is the current situation with online learning. In this regard, Kyoto University refers to MEXT's new guidelines for exceptional circumstances and accepts online education as an official means of instruction only if its quality is assured in terms of equivalency to classes conduced face to face and provides enough learning time to fulfill credit requirements toward graduation (MEXT, 2020b(MEXT, , 2020c.…”