Comparison of Analgesic Effects of Caudal Epidural 0.25% Bupivacaine with Bupivacaine Plus Morphine or Bupivacaine Plus Ketamine for Analgesia in Conscious Horses

DeRossi, Rafael; Módolo, Tiago José Caparica; Pagliosa, Ronaldo C.; Jardim, Paulo H.A.; Maciel, Felipe B.; Macedo, Gustavo Guerino

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2011.08.018

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The animals had their sedation, motor and sensory response degrees assessed. These parameters were evaluated with grades from 1 to 4, according to the scale described by DeRossi et al (2005). For sensory response evaluation, animals underwent skin clamping with a hemostat forceps at several points, from the interdigital space of pelvic members to the flank.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Cervical relaxation for non-surgical uterus access in Santa Inês ewes

Leite

Fonseca

Fernandes

et al. 2018

Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.

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The present study was composed by two experiments aiming to develop a cervical dilation technique for non-surgical access to Santa Inês ewe's uterus. In Experiment 1, thirty ewes underwent four epidural treatments. The three experimental treatments used 2.0mg/kg ketamine. The group receiving this drug alone was denominated KG, whereas other group had ketamine associated with 0.1mg/kg morphine (KM) and KX a third group had ketamine associated with 0.05mg/kg xylazine (KX). Control treatment was 1mL/7.5kg saline solution epidurally (CON). Cervical dilation was evaluated in both experiments by attempting to pass a metal rod through the cervix. In Experiment 2, three different hormonal protocols for cervical dilation were tested in thirty ewes. Epidural anesthesia with 2.0mg/kg ketamine was the control treatment (KG) and was combined with hormonal treatments: Misoprostol (MI); Oxytocin + Estradiol (OE); Misoprostol + Oxytocin + Estradiol (MOE). In Experiment 1 transposition rate was not different among groups. In Experiment 2, OE presented the highest rate (90%) while MOE presented 86.2%, MI 68.9% and CON 62.1%. The study developed a pharmacological protocol that increased cervical transposition making the non-surgical access to the uterus feasible in Santa Inês ewes. RESUMOO presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver uma técnica para acesso não cirúrgico ao útero de ovelhas Santa Inês e foi realizado em duas etapas. No experimento 1, 30 ovelhas foram submetidas a quatro tratamentos epidurais. Os três tratamentos teste usaram 2,0mg/kg de cetamina. O grupo que recebeu apenas cetamina foi denominado KG, enquanto no segundo grupo a cetamina foi combinada com morfina (0,1mg/kg -KM) e um terceiro grupo recebeu cetamina associada com xilazina 0,05mg/kg -KX). No grupo controle (CON), usou-se solução salina (1mL/7,5kg de peso). A dilatação cervical foi avaliada em ambos os experimentos pela tentativa de transposição cervical com uma haste metálica. No experimento 2, três protocolos hormonais de dilatação cervical foram testados em 30 ovelhas. Anestesia epidural com 2,0mg/kg de cetamina foi o tratamento controle (CON), combinada com tratamentos hormonais nos grupos: misoprostol (MI); ocitocina + estradiol (OE); misoprostol + ocitocina + estradiol (MOE). No experimento 1, a taxa de transposição não variou entre os grupos. No experimento 2, OE teve a maior taxa (90%), enquanto MOE apresentou 86,2%, MI i 68,9% e CON 62,1%. O estudo desenvolveu um protocolo farmacológico que aumentou a taxa de transposição cervical, tornando o acesso uterino não cirúrgico viável em ovelhas Santa Inês.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Epidural is a commonly used technique for procedures that require relaxation and analgesia of pelvic limbs, tail, vulva and vagina (DeRossi et al, 2012). Several drugs may be used with this purpose, such as local anesthetics, opioids, alpha-2 agonists and dissociative agents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical relaxation for non-surgical uterus access in Santa Inês ewes

Leite

Fonseca

Fernandes

et al. 2018

Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.

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“…Because of its long duration of action, it provides a prolonged period of postoperative analgesia. Adequate analgesia has been achieved with the epidural administration of low concentrations of bupivacaine combined with opioids and/or ketamine in horses …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Adequate analgesia has been achieved with the epidural administration of low concentrations of bupivacaine combined with opioids and/or ketamine in horses. 15 Several opioids, such as morphine, provide a longer period of analgesia when administered epidurally than by the intravenous route. Therefore, epidural administration is valued as an effective means of relief of postoperative pain.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparison of analgesic and systemic effects of bupivacaine, methadone, or bupivacaine/methadone administered epidurally in conscious sheep

et al. 2015

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“…Analgesia was assessed by mechanical nociceptive threshold testing consisting of skin needle prick (using a 23 gauge 2.5 cm long needle) and a pinch with a haemostat (closed to the first ratchet) (Gómez de Segura et al 1998; Kariman et al 2000; Skarda and Muir 2001a,b; Ganidagli et al 2004; Natalini et al 2004; DeRossi et al 2004; 2005a,b; 2012a,b; 2013). Both tests of analgesia were performed bilaterally at well‐defined dermatomal stimulation points located within different dermatomes ( Fig ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caudal epidural co‐administration of methadone and morphine in horses: An evaluation of analgesic properties and effects on locomotor function, mentation and physical examination parameters

Kjærulff¹,

Lauritsen²,

Ekstrøm

et al. 2020

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary Caudal epidural analgesia is a well‐established therapeutic modality for pain alleviation in horses. Additionally, epidural analgesia could potentially be a complementary diagnostic tool for confirmation of pain‐related conditions in horses presenting with nonspecific signs of poor performance or rideability issues. To use the epidural as a diagnostic tool, the administered medications should provide efficient analgesia without accompanying adverse effects. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to evaluate the analgesic properties and effects on locomotor function, mentation and physical examination parameters of caudal epidural co‐administration of methadone and morphine in horses. Five mares received a caudal epidural injection of 0.1 mg/kg bwt methadone and 0.1 mg/kg bwt morphine diluted to a total volume of 4.4 mL/100 kg. Before and several times thereafter, horses were subjected to mechanical nociceptive threshold evaluation, physical examination, assessment of mentation and locomotor function examination. Horses were assigned ataxia scores (0–4) by a group of inexperienced raters (three senior‐year veterinary students) and a group of experienced raters (two board‐certified internal medicine specialists) that assessed the locomotor examinations either live or video‐based. The epidural co‐administration of methadone and morphine resulted in clinically relevant and statistically significant increases of horses’ tolerance to mechanical noxious stimuli at the coccygeal, perineal, sacral, lumbar and thoracic regions. Analgesia was evident after 4.4 h and lasted at least 5 h. Regional differences in the onset of analgesia reflected a cranial spread of the analgesic solution. No horses showed signs of gait disturbances; the overall median ataxia score was 0 at all times; and the average difference in scores between two randomly selected raters for a random horse at a random time point was 0.377 indicating high inter‐rater agreement. There were no adverse changes of mentation and physical examination parameters. Observed side effects included signs of decreased frequency of defaecation, generalised sweating, and pruritus.

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Comparison of Analgesic Effects of Caudal Epidural 0.25% Bupivacaine with Bupivacaine Plus Morphine or Bupivacaine Plus Ketamine for Analgesia in Conscious Horses

Cited by 12 publications

References 37 publications

Cervical relaxation for non-surgical uterus access in Santa Inês ewes

Cervical relaxation for non-surgical uterus access in Santa Inês ewes

Comparison of analgesic and systemic effects of bupivacaine, methadone, or bupivacaine/methadone administered epidurally in conscious sheep

Caudal epidural co‐administration of methadone and morphine in horses: An evaluation of analgesic properties and effects on locomotor function, mentation and physical examination parameters

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