Comparison of antimicrobial activity in the epidermal mucus extracts of fish

Subramanian, Sangeetha; Ross, Neil W.; MacKinnon, Shawna L.

doi:10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.01.011

Cited by 187 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Serine and cysteine proteases are involved in the defense against bacteria and protozoa by lysing the parasite (17). Cathepsin D and matrix metalloproteases are also involved in the production of antimicrobial peptide, parasin Ι, in the fish mucus (18). In this study, increased epidermal protease activity was observed in all treatment groups.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

Effect of gamma irradiation on inactivation of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophonts and its efficacy on host response in experimentally immunized rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Heidarieh¹,

Rad²,

Mirvaghefi³

et al. 2014

Turk J Vet Anim Sci

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IntroductionThe freshwater ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (I. multifiliis), one of the most important protozoan pathogens of farmed and wild fish populations, causes significant economic losses to aquaculture industries worldwide (1). The 3 stages in the life cycle of the parasite are an infective theront, a parasitic trophont, and a reproductive tomont (2). It is difficult to control this parasite using chemotherapy after penetration into fish skin and gills. The high cost involved in therapy and the public concern for food and environmental safety are other disadvantages of chemotherapy. Thus, vaccination against I. multifiliis can be considered an alternative to chemical treatments to prevent mortality (2) in fish. A number of studies have indicated that whole-cell trophonts, theronts, and ciliary protein preparations or recombinant i-antigen proteins of this parasite are able to induce an acquired immune response in numerous fish species, including the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), trout (Salmo gairdneri), and carp (Cyprinus carpio) (2-5). Trophonts are commonly inactivated by using 1%-4% formalin (5) or freezing (5) and used for immunization at different doses (5).Gamma radiation is widely used by many researchers to inactivate parasites for the preparation of vaccines, instead of traditional thermal or chemical methods of inactivation. This technology appears to create a vaccine that is more effective than so-called "killed" vaccines against disease, and has the added advantage of a longer storage life than "live" vaccines. Irradiation is a technically simple process that retains the structural features of the microbial pathogen without destroying the natural antigens or the intrinsic adjuvant. Therefore, a strong immune response

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

Effect of gamma irradiation on inactivation of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophonts and its efficacy on host response in experimentally immunized rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Heidarieh¹,

Rad²,

Mirvaghefi³

et al. 2014

Turk J Vet Anim Sci

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“…Carbotype conversion most likely occurs in marine environments; however, the rationale for this remains nebulous. Despite competition studies demonstrating that encapsulated strains of V. vulnificus were better adapted than acapsular strains for survival in oysters and in oyster hemocytes (28,60), there is no indication that the type of capsule produced is important, and although many marine invertebrates are known to produce antibacterial compounds (7,19,26,48,59,62,67,71), it is generally accepted that they possess only an innate immune response (11,33). This, in theory, should not drive the need for carbotype conversion, since this would better benefit bacteria confronting an acquired immune response.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitin-Induced Carbotype Conversion in Vibrio vulnificus

2011

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As an etiological agent of bacterial sepsis and wound infections, Vibrio vulnificus is unique among the Vibrionaceae. The most intensely studied of its virulence factors is the capsular polysaccharide (CPS). Over 100 CPS types have been identified, yet little is known about the genetic mechanisms that drive such diversity. Chitin, the second-most-abundant polysaccharide in nature, is known to induce competence in Vibrio species. Here, we show that the frequency of chitin-induced transformation in V. vulnificus varies by strain and that (GlcNAc) 2 is the shortest chitin-derived polymer capable of inducing competence. Transformation frequencies (TFs) increased 8-fold when mixed-culture biofilms were exposed to a strain-specific lytic phage, suggesting that the lysis of dead cells during lytic infection increased the amount of extracellular DNA within the biofilm that was available for transfer. Furthermore, we show that V. vulnificus can undergo chitin-dependent carbotype conversion following the uptake and recombination of complete cps loci from exogenous genomic DNA (gDNA). The acquisition of a partial locus was also demonstrated when internal regions of homology between the endogenous and exogenous loci existed. This suggested that the same mechanism governing the transfer of complete cps loci also contributed to their evolution by generating novel combinations of CPS biosynthesis genes. Since no evidence that cps loci were preferentially acquired during natural transformation (random transposon-tagged DNA was readily taken up in chitin transformation assays) exists, the phenomenon of chitin-induced transformation likely plays an important but general role in the evolution of this genetically promiscuous genus.After 3.8 billion years of evolution (39), bacteria, whether commensal or pathogenic, have evolved numerous ways to cope with the sophisticated defensive strategies of the host's immune system. A simple but very effective strategy is the production and variation of surface polysaccharides that can alter proper host immune function (13,21). This type of antigenic variation is an important mechanism used by pathogenic microorganisms for escaping the neutralizing activities of antibodies and phagocytes. Antigenic variation may occur during the course of an infection, or an organism can exist in nature as multiple antigenic types (antigenic variety). The colonized host often provides the ideal selective environment for the emergence of new antigenic variants of bacteria, providing that the organism's other virulence determinants remain intact.Vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium that is pathogenic to humans and animals (35). Its continued environmental persistence and transmission is bolstered by its ability to colonize shellfish and form biofilms on various marine biotic surfaces, such as plankton, algae, fish, and eels (4, 40, 42). Primary septicemia and wound infections can arise following the consumption or handling of contaminated food or water, and the fatality rate of septicemic patients is grea...

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“…While mucosal secretions of aquatic animals are known to harbor high levels of antimicrobial peptides (32,33), the overexpression of genes related to the processing of these compounds was not observed in the A. veronii mucosal transcriptome. However, fluctuating temperature may be a stressful condition encountered by A. veronii during transition from the host to the mucus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…We describe the expression profile of loci involved in the import and processing of NAG that would facilitate its incorporation into peptidoglycan, thereby enabling A. veronii proliferation within this niche. While the antimicrobial properties of mucosal secretions have received strong interest (32,33), this study focuses on the activity of a microbe within a transmission substrate. Here, we describe the significance of this "in-between" state as a selective milieu for microbial ecology and evolution.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Tale of Transmission: Aeromonas veronii Activity within Leech-Exuded Mucus

Ott

Dacks

Ryan

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bTransmission, critical to the establishment and persistence of host-associated microbiotas, also exposes symbionts to new environmental conditions. With horizontal transmission, these different conditions represent major lifestyle shifts. Yet genomewide analyses of how microbes adjust their transcriptomes toward these dramatic shifts remain understudied. Here, we provide a comprehensive and comparative analysis of the global transcriptional profiles of a symbiont as it shifts between lifestyles during transmission. The gammaproteobacterium Aeromonas veronii is transmitted from the gut of the medicinal leech to other hosts via host mucosal castings, yet A. veronii can also transition from mucosal habitancy to a free-living lifestyle. These three lifestyles are characterized by distinct physiological constraints and consequently lifestyle-specific changes in the expression of stress-response genes. Mucus-bound A. veronii had the greatest expression in terms of both the number of loci and levels of transcription of stress-response mechanisms. However, these bacteria are still capable of proliferating within the mucus, suggesting the availability of nutrients within this environment. We found that A. veronii alters transcription of loci in a synthetic pathway that obtains and incorporates N-acetylglucosamine (NAG; a major component of mucus) into the bacterial cell wall, enabling proliferation. Our results demonstrate that symbionts undergo dramatic local adaptation, demonstrated by widespread transcriptional changes, throughout the process of transmission that allows them to thrive while they encounter new environments which further shape their ecology and evolution. M utualistic bacteria provide numerous advantages to their eukaryotic hosts, such as the provisioning of essential nutrients (1, 2), protection from pathogens (3, 4), and immunological priming (5). These mutualists also serve as some of the best examples of the extended phenotype (6) by providing opportunities for rapid adaptation and resilience toward dynamic ecological conditions, including broadening the host dietary range via enzymatic activities (reviewed in references 7 and 8), detoxification mechanisms (reviewed in references 9 and 10), or enhancing tolerance to environmental stressors such as fluctuating temperatures (11). Although the persistence of these relations over evolutionary time is crucial for securing adaptive potential, little is known about local adaptation and the activity of symbionts within a transmission setting.Mixed-mode transmission (MMT), integrating components of both vertical and horizontal microbial acquisition, is the predominant mechanism for obtaining microbial symbionts by a host (reviewed in reference 12). A recently described model of MMT involves the acquisition of the heterotrophic Gammaproteobacteria Aeromonas veronii, a predominant member, along with the Bacteroidetes Mucinivorans hirudinis (13, 14), of the European medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana) digestive tract microbiota. Specifically, A. veronii is found ...

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Comparison of antimicrobial activity in the epidermal mucus extracts of fish

Cited by 187 publications

References 55 publications

Effect of gamma irradiation on inactivation of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophonts and its efficacy on host response in experimentally immunized rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Effect of gamma irradiation on inactivation of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophonts and its efficacy on host response in experimentally immunized rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Chitin-Induced Carbotype Conversion in Vibrio vulnificus

A Tale of Transmission: Aeromonas veronii Activity within Leech-Exuded Mucus

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