Comparison of biocompatibility in cellulose triacetate dialysis membranes with homogeneous and asymmetric structures

Abstract

Background: Historically, cellulose-based materials have been used for manufacturing hemodialysis membranes and remain to date as the commonly used materials. Though cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane originally has a homogeneous structure, recently, CTA membrane with asymmetric structure (ATA®) was developed. By a new spinning technology, irregularities or roughness in the inner surface of ATA have become less than those of the conventional CTA membrane. In this study, a comparison was made between CTA and ATA® membranes in order to evaluate the effect of physical structure of the membrane on the biocompatibility. Methods: We compared the biocompatibility of the following two dialyzers with different triacetate membrane: FB-190UHβ with CTA, and FA-190F with ATA® (both from Nipro, Osaka, Japan). Heparin of 40 units/mL was put in a syringe, and test blood was collected from healthy volunteers. Then, the dialyzer and blood circuit were filled with the test blood. Subsequently, the blood was circulated by a roller pump at the rate of 200 mL/min. We measured the platelet counts, platelet factor 4 (PF4), β-thromboglobulin (β-TG), and CD41 and CD42b platelet surface markers at 30, 120, and 240 min. Results: The average platelet counts at 30, 120, 240 min in CTA and ATA® were similar. The average β-TG and PF4 increased from 87.0 ± 49.0 ng/mL and 30.7 ± 17.3 ng/mL to 1198.5 ± 1017.2 ng/mL and 698.2 ± 574.6 ng/mL with CTA and to 774.3 ± 811.6 ng/mL and 509.0 ± 417.3 ng/mL with ATA®, respectively. The average expression of CD41 and CD42b decreased to 82.8 ± 9.7% and 80.1 ± 11.6% with CTA and 81.9 ± 14.3% and 80.2 ± 13.6% with ATA®, respectively. Conclusions: Observed dialyzers showed less platelet activation as commercial products, and differences between CTA and ATA® were not significant in terms of PF4, β-TG, CD41, and CD42b.

A Review on Micro- to Nanocellulose Biopolymer Scaffold Forming for Tissue Engineering Applications

“…Several studies have provided results on biocompatibility and cytotoxicity, but have not been fully explored due to a variety of cellulosic fibre sources, range of different methodologies, and sample preparations. A significant number of studies have confirmed that cellulose could be generally considered to be biocompatible with only moderate or no foreign body responses in vivo [168,169]. Ul-Islam et al [158] analysed cell-scaffold interaction using a cancer cell line and cellulose/chitosan scaffolds.…”

The removal capacity of asymmetric cellulose triacetate during post-dilution online hemodiafiltration

“…Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have reported that an ACT membrane provides high diffusive transport rates with high solute clearance and good biocompatibility, but albumin leakage has not been addressed in these studies [4][5][6]. Although the acceptable upper limit of dialysis-related albumin loss remains unknown, it should be minimized because it may contribute to hypoalbuminemia and adversely affect the patient's prognosis.…”

Bacterial Cellulose-Based Blends and Composites: Versatile Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications

“…However, based on a couple of reports by MacLeod et al, cellulose as a dialysis membrane exhibits less biocompatibility and more immune response compared to synthetic membranes such as polysulfone [ 146 ]. On the contrary, cellulose triacetate [ 147 ] or cellulose diacetate [ 148 ] have been proven to have less platelet activation properties similar to polysulfone. Even though cellulose has mainly been used as a material to develop a membrane in the context of a damaged kidney, it is envisaged that the biocompatibility of this material may open up other potential applications in the kidney tissue engineering approach.…”