Comparison of Biogenic Amines and Mycotoxins in Alfalfa and Red Clover Fodder Depending on Additives

Abstract

In the production of fermented feed, each crop can be contaminated with a variety of microorganisms that may produce natural pollutants. Biogenic amines, mycotoxins, and undesirable organic acids can decrease health feed safety. The aim of this study was to compare the counts of microorganisms, levels of biogenic amines, and the mycotoxins in forage legumes, and also to compare the occurrence of microorganisms and levels of mycotoxins in green fodder and subsequently produced silage and the influence of additives on the content of natural harmful substances in silage. The experimental plot was located in Troubsko and Vatín, in the Czech Republic. Two varieties of Medicago sativa and one variety of Trifolium pratense were compared. Green fodder and subsequently produced silage reaching up to 23% of dry matter were evaluated and prepared using a bio-enzymatic additive and a chemical additive. Green fodder of Medicago sativa was more contaminated by Enterococci than Trifolium pratense fodder. The obvious difference was determined by the quality of silage leachate. The silage prepared from Medicago sativa fodder was more contaminated with butyric acid. Fungi were present in higher counts in the anaerobic environment of green fodder and contaminated it with zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. Lower counts of fungi were found in silage, although the zearalenone content did not change. Lower content of deoxynivalenol was detected in silage, compared with green fodder. Silages treated with a chemical additive were found not to contain butyric acid. Lower ethanol content was determined, and the tendency to reduce the risk of biogenic amines occurrence was evident. The additives proved to have no influence on the content of mycotoxins.

Possibilities of Using White Sweetclover Grown in Mixture with Maize for Biomethane Production

“…Then, the mini-silo was hermetically sealed and placed in the dark to prevent exposure to light, at a temperature of 28 • C ± 1 • C. Each container was equipped with a safety valve for the removal of excessive gaseous products [28,29]. After the lapse of the incubation time of 90 days [29], the micro-silages were opened and samples of them were homogenized. Subsequently, the samples were frozen and transported to the laboratory for chemical analyses and fermentation tests.…”

The Role of miRNAs in Zearalenone-Promotion of TM3 Cell Proliferation

“…Zearalenone (ZEA) mainly comes from foods and feeds contaminated by several species of Gibberella and Fusarium [1]. These fungi contaminate cereal grains, including maize, wheat, sorghum, barley, and oats, and produce ZEA in the farm and field and, or during the period of harvesting and storage at a low temperature and high humidity [2,3,4]. In recent years, several studies have suggested that the structure of ZEA can be modified by microorganisms, plants, animals and humans via glycosylation, sulfation, and acetylation of trichothecenes [5].…”

Metagenomic analysis reveals the linkages between bacteria and the functional enzymes responsible for potential ammonia and biogenic amine production in alfalfa silage

“…Numerous studies suggest that the occurrence of NH 3 and BAEs also exists in substantially well‐preserved silages (Mlejnkova et al, 2016; Scherer et al, 2015; Skladanka et al, 2017), but available studies merely focused on the effect of different additives on the concentrations of NH 3 and BAEs, whilst information on functional micro‐organisms and active mechanisms remain mostly undescribed. Our previous findings showed that sucrose addition could effectively improve the fermentation quality of alfalfa silage (Li, et al, 2020; Zheng et al, 2017).…”