Comparison of Biological and Genetic Characteristics between Two Most Common Broad-Leaved Weeds in Paddy Fields: Ammannia arenaria and A. multiflora (Lythraceae)

Abstract

Ammannia arenaria and A. multifloras, morphologically similar at the seedling stage, are the most common broad-leaved weeds in paddy fields. Our study showed that A. arenaria occupied more space than A. multifloras when competing with rice. However, A. multifloras germination has lower temperature adaptability. No difference in sensitivity to common herbicides between two Ammannia species was observed. Chloroplast (cp) genomes could be conducive to clarify their genetic relationship. The complete cp genome sequences of A. arenaria (158,401 bp) and A. multiflora (157,900 bp) were assembled for the first time. In A. arenaria, there were 91 simple sequence repeats, 115 long repeats, and 86 protein-encoding genes, one, sixteen, and thirty more than those in A. multiflora. Inverted repeats regions expansion and contraction and the phylogenetic tree based on cp genomes demonstrated the closely relationship between the two species. However, in A. arenaria, 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CDS region were detected compared to A. multiflora, which can be used to distinguish the two species. Moreover, there was one unique gene, infA, only in A. arenaria. This study provides reliable molecular resources for future research focusing on the infrageneric taxa identification, phylogenetic resolution, population structure, and biodiversity of Ammannia species.

Complete chloroplast genome and comparison of herbicides toxicity on Aeschynomene indica (Leguminosae) in upland direct-seeding paddy field

“…genome of Indian jointvetch for the first time in this study, demonstrating a typical tetrad structure, including genes encoding proteins, tRNAs, and rRNAs, similar to the cp. genomes reported in other plants [ 22 , 34 , 41 ]. The complete cp.…”

“…genome of Indian jointvetch was 163,613 bp long, which is larger than that of other common plants found in rice fields with reported cp. genomes, including those of the genera Oryza [ 42 ], Echinochloa [ 41 ], and Ammannia [ 34 ].…”

“…De novo assembly was performed using NOVOPlasty v4.2 software ( https://github.com/ndierckx/NOVOPlasty , accessed March 24, 2023). Detailed sequencing and assembly methods are described in our previous study [ 34 ].…”