Comparison of biotic and abiotic treatment approaches for co-mingled perchlorate, nitrate, and nitramine explosives in groundwater

Reduction of Nitrate and Ammonium Adsorption Using Microscale Iron Particles and Zeolitite

“…Many studies have been conducted on nitrate reduction by millimetric (Buresh, 1976), (Westerhoff and James, 2003), Su andPuls (2004, 2007), (Rodriguez-Maroto et al, 2009), micrometric (Schaefer et al, 2007), (Huang et al, 1998), and nanoscale iron (Schaefer et al, 2007), (Liou et al, 2005), (Choe et al, 2000), (Chen et al, 2004), (Yang and Lee, 2005), (Li et al, 2006), (Sohn et al, 2006), (Shin and Cha, 2008), (Liou et al, 2006). Most of the above mentioned works investigated the reactions' kinetic, whereas little attention has been devoted to the system in thermodynamic equilibrium.…”

In Situ Bioremediation of Energetic Compounds in Groundwater

“…The ability to use a cosubstrate that was readily available in soluble form (such as lactate, acetate, or emulsified vegetable oil [EVO]) would have reduced the cost of remediation significantly. It should be noted that soluble cosubstrates (such as acetate and EVO) have been shown to be effective at treating explosives aquifer materials collected from other sites (e.g., Davis et al, 2004;Schaefer et al, 2007;Kwon et al, 2011), although they were not effective at this location (See Section 6.2).…”

“…The current methodologies for contaminated groundwater, which include granulated activated carbon (GAC) filtration (Bricka and Sharp, 1993) and ultraviolet (UV) oxidation (Bricka and Sharp, 1993) Various laboratory studies using columns and microcosms clearly show the potential for accelerating the degradation of explosive compounds in groundwater using various soluble cosubstrates, such as lactate, ethanol, acetate, and soluble starch (Envirogen, 2002;Wani and Davis, 2003;Davis et al, 2004). Schaefer et al, (2007) also recently reported the biodegradation of RDX and HMX in aquifer samples from a military site in Maryland, using an emulsified oil substrate to promote biological activity. Other reports have shown that both HMX and RDX can be mineralized to carbon dioxide under anoxic conditions in slurry reactors (Shen et al, 1998a(Shen et al, ,b, 2000Young et al, 1997).…”

Natural Attenuation of Perchlorate in Groundwater: Processes, Tools and Monitoring Techniques

“…These organisms use either chlorate or perchlorate as a terminal electron acceptor and can use a variety of different organic substrates (e.g., acetate, propionate, lactate, and soybean oil) as electron donors (Herman and Frankenberger, 1998;Coates et al, 1999;Borden et al, 2006;Schaefer et al, 2007). Perchlorate biodegradation can occur under strict anaerobic conditions as well as facultative anaerobic and microaerophilic conditions (Rikken et al, 1996;Chaudhuri et al, 2002;Coates and Achenbach, 2006).…”