Comparison of body composition in middle‐aged and elderly males using computed tomography

Borkan, Gary A.; Hults, David E.; Gerzof, Stephen G.; Robbins, Alan H.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330660306

Cited by 75 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The lower mortality risks in the higher BMI quintiles of males can be interpreted as follows: ®rstly, overweight or obesity in elderly males might not be a risk factor for mortality at all; secondly, the excess risk for dying in the overweight and obese elderly males might be due to regional or central adiposity due to ageing (Borkan et al, 1985;Seidell et al, 1988) and BMI is a less sensitive tool to measure such a risk factor in the elderly (Baumgartner et al, 1994;Stevens, 1998;Seidell & Visscher, 2000); thirdly, regional adiposity itself may not be a strong risk factor for mortality in elderly males (Seidell et al, 1994). However, the excess risks for mortality in higher BMI quintiles in females are more dif®cult to explain.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body mass index, weight change and mortality in the elderly. A 15 y longitudinal population study of 70 y olds

et al. 2001

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Objective: To examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) at age 70, weight change between age 70 and 75, and 15 y mortality. Design: Cohort study of 70-y-olds. Setting: Geriatric Medicine Department, Go Èteborg University, Sweden. Subjects: A total of 2628 (1225 males and 1403 females) 70-y-olds examined in 1971 ± 1981 in Gothenburg, Sweden. Results: The relative risks (RRs) for 15 y mortality were highest in the lowest BMI quintiles of males 1.20 (95% CI 0.96 ± 1.51) and females 1.49 (95% CI 1.14 ± 1.96). In non-smoking males, no signi®cant differences were observed across the quintiles for 5, 10 and 15 y mortality. In non-smoking females, the highest RR (1.58, 95% CI 1.15 ± 2.16) for 15 y mortality was in the lowest quintile. After exclusion of ®rst 5 y death, no excess risks were found in males for following 5 and 10 y mortality across the quintiles. In females, a U-shaped relation was observed after such exclusions. BMI ranges with lowest 15 y mortality were 27 ± 29 and 25 ± 27 kgam 2 in nonsmoking males and females, respectively. A weight loss of ! 10% between age 70 and 75 meant a signi®cantly higher risk for subsequent 5 and 10 y mortality in both sexes relative to individuals with`stable' weights. Conclusion: Low BMI and weight loss are risk factors for mortality in the elderly and smoking habits did not signi®cantly modify that relationship. The BMI ranges with lowest risks for 15 y mortality are relatively higher in elderly. Exclusion of early deaths from the analysis modi®ed the weight ± mortality relationship in elderly males but not in females.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body mass index, weight change and mortality in the elderly. A 15 y longitudinal population study of 70 y olds

et al. 2001

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“…For instance from densitometry (Deurenberg et al, 1991) it has been calculated that per ent ge ody f t IXPH Â fws HXPQ Â ege À IHXV Â ex men IY women H À SXR r P HXUW This implies for instance that at a BMI of 30 kgam 2 a man aged 20 y has 24.4% body fat, whereas a man of 80 y has 38.8% body fat and that women have a much larger relative fat mass than men at every age and level of BMI. In addition, body fat is redistributed with increasing age in the sense that more of it becomes located in the abdominal cavity (visceral fat) (Borkan et al, 1985;Seidell et al, 1988; Figure 2). The reason for this redistribution is not really known, but declining testosterone and growth hormone levels in combination with declining rates of lipolysis of visceral fat with aging (Ostman et al, 1969) may play a role in men.…”

Section: Effect Of Age On Body Composition and Body Fat Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body weight and weight change and their health implications for the elderly

Seidell¹,

2000

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After the age of 60 y, body weight on average tends to decrease. The contribution of fat mass to this weight loss is relatively small, but fat tends to be redistributed with advancing age toward more abdominal (particularly visceral) fat. Anthropometric data are relatively poor indicators of these aging processes. This may be one of the explanations why the relationship between high body mass index and mortality is less pronounced in older than in younger people. Reduced lipolysis in the visceral fat depot with aging is among potential explanations why increased visceral fat seems to be less harmful in elderly subjects compared to young adults. Even though the relative contribution of increased fat mass to mortality may be less pronounced in elderly people, the impact on disability and functional limitations is found to be important from both a clinical and a public health point of view. At the other end of the scale studies have shown that low body mass index and weight loss in the elderly are both strong predictors of subsequent mortality. This cannot be explained by effects of smoking and early mortality after baseline. There are only few systematic studies comparing the predictive validity of different anthropometric data for mortality. One recent prospective study showed that a high waist circumference (in nonsmoking men) may be a better predictor of all-cause mortality than high body mass index and waistahip ratio. Low BMI was a better predictor of mortality than low waist circumference. In conclusion changes in body composition and fat distribution with aging are poorly captured by standard anthropometric data. Low lean body mass is probably better re¯ected by low BMI, whereas increased (abdominal) fatness is better re¯ected by increased waist circumference.

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“…Several cross-sectional studies in Western populations have reported that elderly people accumulate more visceral AT than younger people (14)(15)(16)(17), even if their body mass indices (BMIs) are comparable (14,15). Regarding Japanese populations, Kotani et al have demonstrated that the proportion of visceral AT relative to total body fat volume increases as a function of age in both genders, whereas that of subcutaneous AT decreases in men (18); however, the subjects that were used in their study were limited to patients who visited the obesity clinic of a university hospital, wherein the average BMI was 34.0 kg/m 2 for men and 33.7 kg/m 2 for women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-related Changes in Abdominal Fat Distribution in Japanese Adults in the General Population

et al. 2011

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Objective Early studies have indicated that body fat shifts from peripheral stores to central stores with aging. The objective of this study was to investigate age-related changes in abdominal fat distribution of Japanese men and women of the general population over a wide range of body mass indices (BMI). Methods A total of 2,220 non-diabetic, apparently healthy Japanese adults (1,240 men and 980 women; age range 40-69 years) were included in the study sample. All subjects underwent a CT scan at the level of the umbilicus, and the areas of visceral adipose tissue (AT) and subcutaneous AT were quantified. Results When the subjects were stratified by BMI into 18.5-23.0 kg/m 2 , 23.0-27.5 kg/m 2 , and 27.5 kg/m 2 or higher, visceral AT was positively correlated with age in all of the BMI strata in both genders (p<0.01). In contrast, subcutaneous AT was negatively correlated with age in men with BMIs in excess of 23.0 kg/m 2 (p< 0.01) and not at all in women. The mean levels of subcutaneous AT were over 2-fold greater than visceral AT in women aged 60-69 years in any BMI stratum. Conclusion In Japanese men and women, visceral AT was increased with age in all BMI strata in both genders, whereas subcutaneous AT was decreased with age in men with BMIs in excess of 23.0 kg/m 2 and not at all in women. Even with these age-related changes in abdominal fat distribution, women retained the subcutaneous-dominant type of fat distribution up to 70 years.

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Comparison of body composition in middle‐aged and elderly males using computed tomography

Cited by 75 publications

References 9 publications

Body mass index, weight change and mortality in the elderly. A 15 y longitudinal population study of 70 y olds

Body mass index, weight change and mortality in the elderly. A 15 y longitudinal population study of 70 y olds

Body weight and weight change and their health implications for the elderly

Age-related Changes in Abdominal Fat Distribution in Japanese Adults in the General Population

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