Comparison of body composition, physical fitness parameters and skeletal muscle damage indices among young Indian male soccer & hockey players

Abstract

Background: The present study was aimed to evaluate the evidential comparison of anthropometric, body composition, physical fitness parameters and muscle damage indices between soccer and field hockey players.Material and methods: Forty-one young Indian male players (including soccer, N = 18, and hockey, N = 23) were evaluated for anthropometric parameters (height, weight, BMI, BMR), and physical fitness variables (grip strength, back strength, flexibility, VO 2 max, anaerobic power) using standard procedures. Body composition (fat mass, fat free mass, cell mass, muscle mass, fluid content, glycogen, minerals, body density) was assessed by using multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA). Muscle damage indices (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH; creatine kinase, CK-MB) were measured via standard spectrophotometric assay protocols.Results: Grip strengths and VO 2 max were found to be significantly higher among field hockey players, whereas lower values were found for relative anaerobic power (Wpower). LDH and CK-MB were found to be higher in soccer players. The correlation study depicts a positive relation between Wpower and LDH (r = 0.307, insignificant) and CK-MB (r = 0.330, p < 0.05). Conclusions:Field hockey players have better muscular coordination and body balance with generous endurance capacity as they have higher strength indices and VO 2 max. Higher glycolytic capacity and sprinting ability was found among soccer players.

Prediction of Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacity From Selected Oxidative Stress Parameters, Muscle Damage Indices and Inflammatory Markers in Soccer and Hockey Players

“…General physical characteristics, i.e., body height (cm) and body weight (kg) were measured using the Seca Alpha stadiometer (model -213, Seca Deutschland, Germany) and Seca Alpha weighing scale (model -770, Seca Deutschland, Germany), respectively. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the standard formula [11]. Body fat % (BF%) was calculated with the standard formula of Brozek et al [12], after measuring the biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses using a Harpenden skinfold caliper (with constant tension).…”

“…Maximal oxygen consumption (VȮ2max) was measured using an incremental exercise protocol on a bicycle ergometer (Ergoline, VIA Sprint 150P, Germany). Athletes were asked to start pedaling without any load for 1 min, and initially 25-watt workload was applied for 2 min, and then it progressively increased by 25 watts every 2 min until complete exhaustion [3]. During the incremental test, breath by breath automated pre--calibrated metabolic gas analyzer (MetaMax 3B, CORTEX Biophysik GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) was used to determine VȮ2max which was determined by maintaining the following criteria: i) a plateau in VȮ2 (2 ml/kg/min) despite the increasing workload, ii) respiratory exchange ratio (RER) ≥ 1.1, iii) > 90% of age--predicted HRmax ± 5%, iv) voluntary exhaustion [3,17].…”

“…Athletes were instructed to sprint 6 times over a 35-meter distance, with 10 sec intervals between each sprint. A polar heart rate monitor (Polar RS800CX, Polar Electro OY, Kempele, Finland) was used to measure the HRmax throughout the whole exercise protocol [3].…”

“…Both football and hockey are endurance-energy system--based intermittent games where high-intensity bursts of exergy are required along with the capability of fast recovery [1,2]. Hence, to excel in games like football and hockey, the player needs high VȮ2max and Wpeak with proper lactate and cardio-respiratory response to support and sustain short, intense bursts of high energy while recovering more quickly [1,2,3]. Thus, VȮ2max and Wpeak are the two variables that can predict the game performance as a whole and be influenced by several biochemical biomarkers produced during the play [3,4].…”

Implications of Adipose Tissue Content for Changes in Serum Levels of Exercise-Induced Adipokines: A Quasi-Experimental Study

“…In addition, side-by-side comparisons of the secretory activity of the adipose tissue in the context of body fat percentage are scarce. Further, the impact of aerobic [ 44 ] and anaerobic exercise [ 45 ] on the secretory activity of the adipose tissue is not yet clear. Little quantitative analysis of systemic response to physical activity is available.…”