Comparison of body mass index and triceps skinfold at 5 years and young adult body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure

Liddle, Karen; O’Callaghan, Michael; Mamun, Abdullah Al; Najman, Jake M.; Williams, Gail M.

doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2011.02247.x

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…These results reflect those of the meta-analysis for older age ranges, although they might suggest that diagnosis of obesity at age 5 years does not track to adult obesity. The findings from the study by Liddle et al (2012) 127 on the predictive ability of triceps SFT reflect those for BMI, except that the sensitivity and specificity results are slightly poorer. This study does not provide evidence that SFT might be a better measure in children than BMI.…”

Section: Additional Information From Studies That Could Not Be Includmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…numbers of true and false positives, and true and false negatives) were included in the meta-analyses, except for the study by Liddle et al (2012), 127,128 which was of children aged 5 years only and therefore did not fall into the lowest age category of the meta-analysis (7-11 years); the results of this study are presented in the previous section. Different studies reported data on different comparisons between childhood and adult obesity or overweight, and at different ages.…”

Section: Meta-analysis Of Tracking Of Obesity Into Adulthoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cohort studied by Liddle et al (2012) 127 and Mamun et al (2005) 128 was followed from age 5 years and therefore was not included in the meta-analysis. Data from these studies are given in Appendix 3 and the calculated sensitivities and specificities are given in Table 14.…”

Section: Additional Information From Studies That Could Not Be Includmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of measures of obesity in childhood for predicting obesity and the development of obesity-related diseases in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Simmonds

Burch

Llewellyn

et al. 2015

Health Technol Assess

318

241

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BackgroundIt is uncertain which simple measures of childhood obesity are best for predicting future obesity-related health problems and the persistence of obesity into adolescence and adulthood.ObjectivesTo investigate the ability of simple measures, such as body mass index (BMI), to predict the persistence of obesity from childhood into adulthood and to predict obesity-related adult morbidities. To investigate how accurately simple measures diagnose obesity in children, and how acceptable these measures are to children, carers and health professionals.Data sourcesMultiple sources including MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library were searched from 2008 to 2013.MethodsSystematic reviews and a meta-analysis were carried out of large cohort studies on the association between childhood obesity and adult obesity; the association between childhood obesity and obesity-related morbidities in adulthood; and the diagnostic accuracy of simple childhood obesity measures. Study quality was assessed using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) and a modified version of the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool. A systematic review and an elicitation exercise were conducted on the acceptability of the simple measures.ResultsThirty-seven studies (22 cohorts) were included in the review of prediction of adult morbidities. Twenty-three studies (16 cohorts) were included in the tracking review. All studies included BMI. There were very few studies of other measures. There was a strong positive association between high childhood BMI and adult obesity [odds ratio 5.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.50 to 6.02]. A positive association was found between high childhood BMI and adult coronary heart disease, diabetes and a range of cancers, but not stroke or breast cancer. The predictive accuracy of childhood BMI to predict any adult morbidity was very low, with most morbidities occurring in adults who were of healthy weight in childhood. Predictive accuracy of childhood obesity was moderate for predicting adult obesity, with a sensitivity of 30% and a specificity of 98%. Persistence of obesity from adolescence to adulthood was high. Thirty-four studies were included in the diagnostic accuracy review. Most of the studies used the least reliable reference standard (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry); only 24% of studies were of high quality. The sensitivity of BMI for diagnosing obesity and overweight varied considerably; specificity was less variable. Pooled sensitivity of BMI was 74% (95% CI 64.2% to 81.8%) and pooled specificity was 95% (95% CI 92.2% to 96.4%). The acceptability to children and their carers of BMI or other common simple measures was generally good.LimitationsLittle evidence was available regarding childhood measures other than BMI. No individual-level analysis could be performed.ConclusionsChildhood BMI is not a good predictor of adult obesity or adult disease; the majority of obese adults were not obese as children and most obesity-related adult morbidity occurs in adults who had a healthy childhood weight. However, obesity (as measured using BMI) was found to persist from childhood to adulthood, with most obese adolescents also being obese in adulthood. BMI was found to be reasonably good for diagnosing obesity during childhood. There is no convincing evidence suggesting that any simple measure is better than BMI for diagnosing obesity in childhood or predicting adult obesity and morbidity. Further research on obesity measures other than BMI is needed to determine which is the best tool for diagnosing childhood obesity, and new cohort studies are needed to investigate the impact of contemporary childhood obesity on adult obesity and obesity-related morbidities.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42013005711.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

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Section: Additional Information From Studies That Could Not Be Includmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Meta-analysis Of Tracking Of Obesity Into Adulthoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of measures of obesity in childhood for predicting obesity and the development of obesity-related diseases in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Simmonds

Burch

Llewellyn

et al. 2015

Health Technol Assess

318

241

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The year that each study started varied considerably, ranging from 1923 to 1989 while the year that studies were published ranged from 1971 to 2014. Studies were conducted in eleven different countries; six in the U.S. [ 4 , 64 , 66 , 67 , 73 , 75 ], three in United Kingdom (England, Wales, Scotland and Newcastle) [ 76 , 83 , 85 ], three in Finland [ 65 , 68 , 81 ], two in Australia [ 77 , 82 ], and one in either Sweden [ 69 ], India [ 71 ], Lithuania [ 72 ], Poland [ 74 ], the Republic of Seychelles [ 78 ], Japan [ 79 ], or the Solomon Islands [ 84 ]. Most studies used a prospective longitudinal study design except for two studies that used a retrospective study design [ 65 , 73 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review with meta-analysis

et al. 2017

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BackgroundOverweight and obesity is a major public health concern that includes associations with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors during childhood and adolescence as well as premature mortality in adults. Despite the high prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity as well as adult CVD, individual studies as well as previous systematic reviews examining the relationship between childhood obesity and adult CVD have yielded conflicting results. The purpose of this study was to use the aggregate data meta-analytic approach to address this gap.MethodsStudies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) longitudinal and cohort studies (including case-cohort), (2) childhood exposure and adult outcomes collected on the same individual over time, (3) childhood obesity, as defined by the original study authors, (4) English-language articles, (5) studies published up to June, 2015, (6) one or more of the following CVD risk factors [systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL), and triglycerides (TG)], (7) outcome(s) not self-reported, and (8) exposure measurements (child’s adiposity) assessed by health professionals, trained investigators, or self-reported. Studies were retrieved by searching three electronic databases as well as citation tracking. Fisher’s r to z score was calculated for each study for each outcome. Pooled effect sizes were calculated using random-effects models while risk of bias was assessed using the STROBE instrument. In order to try and identify sources of heterogeneity, random-effects meta-regression was also performed.ResultsOf the 4840 citations reviewed, a total of 23 studies were included in the systematic review and 21 in the meta-analysis. The findings suggested that childhood obesity is significantly and positively associated with adult SBP (Zr = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.14), DBP (Zr = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.14), and TG (Zr =0.08; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.13), and significantly and inversely associated with adult HDL (Zr = −0.06; 95% CI: -0.10, −0.02). For those studies that adjusted for adult body mass index (BMI), associations were reversed, suggesting that adult BMI may be a potential mediator. Nine studies had more than 33% of items that placed them at an increased risk for bias.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that childhood obesity may be a risk factor for selected adult CVD risk factors. However, a need exists for additional, higher-quality studies that include, but are not limited to, both unadjusted and adjusted measures such as BMI before any definitive conclusions can be reached.Systematic review and meta-analysisPROSPERO 2015: CRD42015019763.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-017-4691-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Other studies have previously found BMI in preschool ages to be linked to adult waist circumference [24], [25] and BMI change from 2 to 6 years has been linked to metabolic alterations (blood pressure, HDL and triglycerides) in adulthood [14]. Fall et al failed to detect significant linear associations between simple childhood BMI measures before the age of 5 years and individual metabolic measures in adulthood [24], but significant associations have been found at BMI rebound [15]and among older children [2], [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Preschool Weight and Body Mass Index in Relation to Central Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Adulthood

et al. 2014

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BackgroundIf preschool measures of body size routinely collected at preventive health examinations are associated with adult central obesity and metabolic syndrome, a focused use of these data for the identification of high risk children is possible. The aim of this study was to test the associations between preschool weight and body mass index (BMI) and adult BMI, central obesity and metabolic alterations.MethodsThe Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966) (N = 4111) is a population-based cohort. Preschool weight (age 5 months and 1 year) and BMI (age 2–5 years) were studied in relation to metabolic syndrome as well as BMI, waist circumference, lipoproteins, blood pressure, and fasting glucose at the age of 31 years. Linear regression models and generalized linear regression models with log link were used.ResultsThroughout preschool ages, weight and BMI were significantly linearly associated with adult BMI and waist circumference. Preschool BMI was inversely associated with high-density lipoprotein levels from the age of 3 years. Compared with children in the lower half of the BMI range, the group of children with the 5% highest BMI at the age of 5 years had a relative risk of adult obesity of 6.2(95% CI:4.2–9.3), of adult central obesity of 2.4(95% CI:2.0–2.9), and of early onset adult metabolic syndrome of 2.5(95% CI:1.7–3.8).ConclusionsHigh preschool BMI is consistently associated with adult obesity, central obesity and early onset metabolic syndrome. Routinely collected measures of body size in preschool ages can help to identify children in need of focused prevention due to their increased risk of adverse metabolic alterations in adulthood.

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Comparison of body mass index and triceps skinfold at 5 years and young adult body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure

Abstract: In children with overweight/obesity, BMI rather than triceps skinfold is the preferred epidemiological measure for identifying young adult CVD risk markers of BMI, WC and blood pressure.

Cited by 6 publications

References 23 publications

The use of measures of obesity in childhood for predicting obesity and the development of obesity-related diseases in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The use of measures of obesity in childhood for predicting obesity and the development of obesity-related diseases in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Childhood obesity and adult cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Preschool Weight and Body Mass Index in Relation to Central Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Adulthood

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