Comparison of bone lead measured via portable x-ray fluorescence across and within bones

Specht, Aaron J.; Dickerson, Aisha S.; Weisskopf, Marc G.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.031

Cited by 24 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Furthermore, given that lead deposits widely in soft tissue and skeleton (11), such modest elevations may underestimate the biologic consequences of repeated exposures over time. Total body lead accumulation, as can be measured with lead x-ray fluorescence (12)(13)(14), has been more closely associated with adverse health outcomes, some of which may develop many years after exposure (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility to Environmental Heavy Metal Toxicity among Americans with Kidney Disease

Danziger

Dodge

et al. 2022

Kidney360

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Background: The consequences of low levels of environmental heavy metal exposure, as found widely in the United States, in those with impaired renal function remains under-explored. Methods: We examined the cross-sectional association of indices of renal function with lead and cadmium levels in blood and urine among National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) participants. We used the 1999-2002 cycle, which included measures of cystatin C, in order to most precisely quantify renal function, and defined chronic kidney disease(CKD) as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73m². Results: In weighted and adjusted analyses of 5,638 participants, lead levels were 0.23(95%CI 0.03,0.42) ug/dL higher among participants with CKD, and 0.05(95%CI 0.01,0.09¬) ug/dL higher per 10 ml/min/1.73m² lower eGFR. Cadmium levels were 0.02(95%CI 0.01,0.03) ug/L higher per 10 ml/min/1.73m² lower eGFR. Black race significantly modified the association of lower eGFR with higher circulating lead levels (p interaction <0.001). A 10 ml/min/1.73 m² lower eGFR was associated with a 0.13(95%CI 0.06,0.21) ug/dL higher lead level among Black participants compared to 0.03(95%CI -0.04,0.11) ug/dL higher level among white participants. Among the 1,852 participants with urinary metal measurements, despite higher circulating levels, those with CKD had significantly lower urinary lead levels (-0.16(95%CI -0.30,-0.01) ng/ml) and urinary lead/creatinine ratios (-0.003(95%CI-0.004,-0.001). Conclusion: CKD is associated with higher blood lead levels, particularly among Blacks, and simultaneously, lower urinary lead levels, consistent with the hypothesis that CKD confers a state of heighted susceptibility to heavy metal environmental exposure by reducing its elimination. Given that low levels of exposure remain highly prevalent in the United States, further efforts to protect patients with CKD from heavy metal toxicity may be warranted.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility to Environmental Heavy Metal Toxicity among Americans with Kidney Disease

Danziger

Dodge

et al. 2022

Kidney360

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“…In epidemiological health studies, it has been shown that excluding those values below a limit of detection can reduce efficiency and result in biased effect estimates for relations between the exposure and health outcomes. [ 36 – 38 ] Because Mn is primarily an occupational exposure for welders, we focused only on the welders for our Mn analyses. Nail salon workers had a higher exposure to Hg, although likely not occupational, so we restricted to nail salon workers in the Hg analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of in vivo toenail measurements of manganese and mercury using a portable X-ray fluorescence device

Specht

Zhang

Young

et al. 2021

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Background and Objective: Toenail metal concentrations can be used as an effective biomarker for exposure to environmental toxicants. Typically toenail clippings are measured ex vivo using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). X-ray fluorescence (XRF) toenail metal measurements done on intact toenails in vivo could be used as an alternative to alleviate some of the disadvantages of ICP-MS. In this study, we assessed the ability of using XRF to measure toenail metal concentrations in real time without having to clip the toenails (i.e. in vivo ) in two occupational settings for exposure assessment of manganese and mercury. Materials and Methods: The portable XRF method used a 3-minute in vivo measurement of toenails prior to clipping and was assessed against ICP-MS measurement of toenail clippings taken immediately after the XRF measurement and work history for a group of welders (n=16) assessed for manganese exposure and nail salon workers (n=10) assessed for mercury exposure. Results and Conclusions: We identified that in vivo XRF metal measurements were able to discern exposure to manganese in welders and mercury in nail salon workers. We identified significant positive correlations between ICP-MS of clippings and in vivo XRF measures of both toenail manganese (R= 0.59, p=0.02) and mercury (R= 0.74, p<0.001), as well as between in vivo XRF toenail manganese and work history among the welders (R=0.55, p=0.03). We identified in vivo XRF detection limits to be 0.5 μg/g for mercury and 2.6 μg/g for manganese. Further work should elucidate differences in timing of exposure using the in vivo XRF method over toenail clippings and modification of measurement time and x-ray setting to further decrease the detection limit. In vivo portable XRF measurements can be used to effectively measure toenail Mn and Hg in occupational participants in real time during study visits and at a fraction of the cost.

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“…Each sample was analyzed with a 3-minute measurement. Then the data were analyzed using the standard procedure of previous studies (Specht et al, 2019;Specht et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2021). Brie y, the Lβ peak (12.6 keV) was used for estimating Pb concentrations using a Gaussian function.…”

Section: Blood Lead Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concurrent assessment on blood lead in young children and toy lead in Shanghai

Peng

Gao

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Since toys are the potential sources of lead contamination for young children, we aim to compare blood lead levels (BLLs) of young children and lead-levels in toys played by the children. A total of 2249 children under 7 years old were investigated using stratified cluster sampling in 6 districts of Shanghai, their parents completed questionnaires and children’s whole blood was collected, and then BLLs were measured using tungsten atomizer absorption spectrophotometer. At the same time, 294 toys from the 6 supermarkets/ toy-stores located in the surrounding 5 districts were collected using stratified cluster sampling and lead levels in toys were measured by a portable X-ray Fluorescence instrument. The geometric mean of the BLLs was 2.02 μg/dL. After adjusting for related confounders, playing with plastic toys is a significant risk factor (β=0.067, P =0.019) for BLL-increment. Plastic toys accounted for the highest proportion (156/294, 53.06%) among the studied toys and had the highest average lead level (39.13 ppm). In the 3 districts where children’s BLLs and toys’ lead levels were both measured, the districts with higher toy lead levels had higher children’s BLLs (the average toy lead levels in Pudong-suburban vs. Xuhui vs. Yangpu supermarkets/ toy-stores: 24.62 vs. 0 vs. 15.43 ppm, P<0.01; the medians of BLLs in Pudong-suburban vs. Xuhui vs. Yangpu children: 2.07 vs. 1.55 vs. 1.50 μg/dL, P<0.001). Lead levels in toys may be associated with the BLLs of young children, and lead contamination in plastic toys need cautions for preventing young children from potential lead exposure.

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Comparison of bone lead measured via portable x-ray fluorescence across and within bones

Cited by 24 publications

References 36 publications

Susceptibility to Environmental Heavy Metal Toxicity among Americans with Kidney Disease

Susceptibility to Environmental Heavy Metal Toxicity among Americans with Kidney Disease

Validation of in vivo toenail measurements of manganese and mercury using a portable X-ray fluorescence device

Concurrent assessment on blood lead in young children and toy lead in Shanghai

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