Comparison of Buckling Ratio and Finite Element Analysis of Femoral Necks in Post-menopausal Women

Abstract

ObjectivesOsteoporosis is a prevalent problem amongst the elderly. Bone mineral density (BMD) obtained from dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard in diagnosing osteopenia (-1.0 < t < -2.5) and osteoporosis (t > -2.5). However, following osteoporosis therapy, increases in BMD may be unreliable. Although hip fracture risk can be reduced with the aid of drugs, treated patients still face considerable risk as most people who sustain hip fracture do not have generalized osteoporosis. A study of the local distribution of bone mass was necessary as they contribute to the geometry and consequently the bone strength.MethodsBy identifying the respective regions in the femoral neck, the geometric changes were localized and differed between each patient, proving that drug treatment elicits local changes in mean outer radius and mean cortical thickness. Numerical analysis also validated the above findings, where critical strain regions were predicted at similar zones and this is coherent with the fact that reduced thickness of the cortical bone has been related to increased risk of fracture initiation.ResultsHence, from individual radar plots, we can determine if the effect of drugs had outweighed the effect of aging. We can then propose a course of treatment drug better suited for the patient in the clinical scenario.ConclusionClinically, little conclusion can be drawn from just the BMD in osteopenic / osteoporotic patients. This emphasizes the necessity of using geometry and structure to predict fracture risk. Focusing on a patient specific analysis at a local level will improve diagnosis of osteoporosis and ultimately fracture prediction.

The Effect of Short-term Treatment with Fennel on Bone Density in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

“… 10 Isoflavones are found in soy and red clover extracts; soy isoflavones are mainly composed of genistein and daidzein, but red clover isoflavones consist of formononetin and biochanin. 2 Lignans are commonly found in flaxseed 11 and Foeniculum vulgare is considered as a major source of flavonoids. 13 Although the positive effect of soy isoflavone has been demonstrated in a number of studies 17 18 other studies have not reported any beneficial effect ( Table 3 ).…”

“…Osteoporosis is a leading cause of disability and death among elderly women which imposes huge economic costs on the society. 1 2 Estrogens are integral to skeletal homeostasis, with ovarian hormone deficiency acting as critical risk factors of osteoporosis. There are strong evidences on bone-related benefits of raloxifene and hormone replacement therapy (HRT).…”

Effect of Fennel on the Health Status of Menopausal Women: A Systematic and Meta-analysis

“…One of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in elderly women is osteoporosis that imposes huge financial burden on the society. 6 7 Among which, there are several complications following the use of chemical medications in treating the osteoporosis; for example, raloxifene that is associated with some adverse effects of vein thrombose and pulmonary embolism. 8 Reportedly, the menopause females frequently suffer from the psychological symptoms such as anxiety and depression 9 ; in this regard, benzodiazepines and antidepressants have a wild therapeutic application for the mood variations among menopausal women, resulting in complications like sleepiness and dependence as well as anticholinergic and cardiotoxic effects.…”