Comparison of caffeine disposition following administration by oral solution (energy drink) and inspired powder (AeroShot) in human subjects

Laizure, S. Casey; Nelson, Kembral; Chen, Feng; Hu, Zheyi; Parker, Robert B.

doi:10.1111/bcp.13389

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Several studies have also shown that the form of caffeine or its vehicle for entry into the body can modify the pharmacokinetics [ 58 , 81 , 119 , 122 ]. One small trial ( n = 3) evaluated T max for a variety of beverages that all included 160 mg of caffeine but in different volumes of solution, and reported that T max occurs at 0.5, 0.5, and 2 h for coffee, tea and cola, respectively [ 135 ].…”

Section: Caffeine Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, there is a growing prevalence of caffeinated nasal and mouth aerosols administered directly in the mouth, under the tongue or inspired may affect the brain more quickly through several proposed mechanisms [ 5 ], although there are only a few studies to date to support this claim. The administration of caffeine via aerosol into the oral cavity appears to produce a caffeine pharmacokinetic profile comparable to the administration of a caffeinated beverage [ 81 ]. Nasal and mouth aerosols will be discussed further in another section.…”

Section: Caffeine Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sources other than commonly consumed coffee and caffeine tablets have garnered interest, including caffeinated chewing gum, mouth rinses, aerosols, inspired powders, energy bars, energy gels and chews, among others. While the pharmacokinetics [ 18 , 373 – 376 ] and effects of caffeine on performance when consumed in a traditional manner, such as coffee [ 47 , 49 , 55 , 153 , 368 , 377 , 378 ] or as a caffeine capsule with fluid [ 55 , 203 , 379 , 380 ] are well understood, curiosity in alternate forms of delivery (as outlined in pharmacokinetics section) have emerged due to interest in the speed of delivery [ 81 ]. A recent review by Wickham and Spriet [ 5 ] provides an overview of the literature pertaining to caffeine use in exercise, in alternate forms.…”

Section: Interindividual Variation In Response To Caffeinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…No significant improvements were reported in either anaerobic and aerobic performance outcome measures despite the increased activity of cingulate, insular, and sensory-motor cortices [ 79 ]. Laizure et al [ 81 ] compared the bioavailability and plasma concentrations of 100 mg caffeine delivered via an inspired powder (AeroShot) and an oral solution. Both were found to have similar bioavailability and comparable plasma concentrations with no differences in heart rate or blood pressure (Table 6 ).…”

Section: Interindividual Variation In Response To Caffeinementioning

confidence: 99%

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International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance

Guest

VanDusseldorp

Nelson

et al. 2021

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

326

284

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Following critical evaluation of the available literature to date, The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) position regarding caffeine intake is as follows: Supplementation with caffeine has been shown to acutely enhance various aspects of exercise performance in many but not all studies. Small to moderate benefits of caffeine use include, but are not limited to: muscular endurance, movement velocity and muscular strength, sprinting, jumping, and throwing performance, as well as a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic sport-specific actions. Aerobic endurance appears to be the form of exercise with the most consistent moderate-to-large benefits from caffeine use, although the magnitude of its effects differs between individuals. Caffeine has consistently been shown to improve exercise performance when consumed in doses of 3–6 mg/kg body mass. Minimal effective doses of caffeine currently remain unclear but they may be as low as 2 mg/kg body mass. Very high doses of caffeine (e.g. 9 mg/kg) are associated with a high incidence of side-effects and do not seem to be required to elicit an ergogenic effect. The most commonly used timing of caffeine supplementation is 60 min pre-exercise. Optimal timing of caffeine ingestion likely depends on the source of caffeine. For example, as compared to caffeine capsules, caffeine chewing gums may require a shorter waiting time from consumption to the start of the exercise session. Caffeine appears to improve physical performance in both trained and untrained individuals. Inter-individual differences in sport and exercise performance as well as adverse effects on sleep or feelings of anxiety following caffeine ingestion may be attributed to genetic variation associated with caffeine metabolism, and physical and psychological response. Other factors such as habitual caffeine intake also may play a role in between-individual response variation. Caffeine has been shown to be ergogenic for cognitive function, including attention and vigilance, in most individuals. Caffeine may improve cognitive and physical performance in some individuals under conditions of sleep deprivation. The use of caffeine in conjunction with endurance exercise in the heat and at altitude is well supported when dosages range from 3 to 6 mg/kg and 4–6 mg/kg, respectively. Alternative sources of caffeine such as caffeinated chewing gum, mouth rinses, energy gels and chews have been shown to improve performance, primarily in aerobic exercise. Energy drinks and pre-workout supplements containing caffeine have been demonstrated to enhance both anaerobic and aerobic performance.

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Section: Caffeine Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Caffeine Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Interindividual Variation In Response To Caffeinementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Interindividual Variation In Response To Caffeinementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance

Guest

VanDusseldorp

Nelson

et al. 2021

Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition

326

284

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The concentrations of caffeine were slightly suprapharmacologic to mimic excessive energy drink consumption. Plasma peak concentrations of caffeine after consumption of one serving energy drink with 100 mg caffeine dose is 1790 ng/ml, 16 which equals approximately 9.2 µM. However, far higher concentrations have been calculated for young adolescents consuming energy drinks using a Monte Carlo simulation 17 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular risk of energy drinks: Caffeine and taurine facilitate ventricular arrhythmias in a sensitive whole‐heart model

Ellermann

Hakenes

Wolfes

et al. 2022

Cardiovasc electrophysiol

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Background Several case reports have suggested an increased risk of sudden cardiac death due to energy drinks. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess acute electrophysiologic effects of caffeine and taurine, two of the main ingredients of energy drinks, in an experimental whole‐heart model. Methods and Results Twenty‐five rabbit hearts were excised, retrogradely perfused, and assigned to two groups. Hearts were perfused with caffeine (2, 10, and 50 µM) or taurine (2, 10, and 50 µM) after generating baseline data. Eight monophasic action potentials and electrocardiography recordings showed a significant abbreviation of action potential duration (APD90), QT interval, and effective refractory periods (ERP) after caffeine treatment. With taurine, cardiac repolarization duration and ERP were significantly shortened. A ventricular vulnerability was assessed by a predefined pacing protocol. With caffeine, we observed a trend towards more ventricular arrhythmias in a dose‐dependent manner. After treatment with taurine, significantly more episodes of ventricular arrhythmias occurred. Conclusion In this experimental whole‐heart study, treatment with caffeine and taurine provoked ventricular arrhythmias. The underlying mechanism was an abbreviation of cardiac repolarizations and effective refractory periods that may facilitate re‐entry and thereby provokes arrhythmias. These findings help to understand the potentially hazardous and fatal outcomes after intoxication with energy drinks.

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Performance-Based Nutrition for Endurance Training

Liu

Hueglin

Scaramella³

et al. 2023

Endurance Sports Medicine

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Comparison of caffeine disposition following administration by oral solution (energy drink) and inspired powder (AeroShot) in human subjects

Abstract: Inspiration of caffeine as a fine powder using the AeroShot device produces a similar caffeine profile and effects compared to administration of an oral solution (energy drink).

Cited by 17 publications

References 21 publications

International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance

International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance

Cardiovascular risk of energy drinks: Caffeine and taurine facilitate ventricular arrhythmias in a sensitive whole‐heart model

Performance-Based Nutrition for Endurance Training

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