Comparison of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk Factors in Professional Baseball Players Versus Professional Football Players

Helzberg, John H.; Waeckerle, Joseph F.; Camilo, Joel; Selden, Michael; Tang, Fengming; Joyce, Steven; Browne, Jon E.; O’Keefe, James H.

doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.04.022

Cited by 21 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The most often used criteria for hypertension ranged from SBP ≥140 or DBP ≥90 mm Hg to BP>140/90 mm Hg. The lowest cut-off value for hypertension was BP ≥130/85 mm Hg37 and the highest cut-off value was ≥160/95 mm Hg 27. Three studies also used antihypertensive medication to define hypertension,18 29 34 one accepted self-reported hypertension18 and one only included participants with BP≤120/80 mm Hg 38…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Naturally, the prevalence will be dependent on the definition of hypertension and varied from 0% to 83% in a subgroup of heavy weightlifters. The study with the lowest cut-off value (≥130/85 mm Hg) also had the highest overall prevalence of hypertension (45.1%, compared with 17% in an age-matched and gender-matched control group) 37. The study with the highest cut-off value for hypertension (≥160/90 mm Hg) still reported a prevalence of 9.5%,27 but this study included athletes with the highest age (36.4±4.5 years), and selectively reported the highest of the measured BPs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Blood pressure and hypertension in athletes: a systematic review

2015

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Objective Hypertension is reported to be the most prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in elite athletes. We aimed to review blood pressure (BP) and prevalence of hypertension in different elite athletes, and study whether there was an association between high BP and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Methods A systematic review of studies reporting BP in athletes using search strategies developed for PubMed and EMBASE, including only studies with ≥100 participants. We collected data on BP, prevalence of hypertension, LVH and methods of BP measurement. Results Of 3723 records identified, 51 met the inclusion criteria. These included men and women (n=138 390), aged mostly between 18 and 40 years, from varied sports disciplines. Mean systolic BP varied from 109±11 to 138±7 mm Hg and mean diastolic BP from 57±12 to 92±10 mm Hg. Strength-trained athletes had higher BP than endurance-trained athletes (131.3 ±5.3/77.3±1.4 vs 118.6±2.8/71.8±1.2 mm Hg, p<0.05), and there was a trend towards a higher BP in athletes training ≥10 h compared with others (121.8 ±3.8/73.8±2.5 vs 117.6±3.3/66.8±6.9, p=0.058), but overall there was no significant difference in BP between athletes and controls. The prevalence of hypertension varied from 0% to 83%. Some studies showed an association between high BP and LVH. Measurement methods were poorly standardised. Conclusions BP and prevalence of hypertension in athletes varied considerably partly because of variations in methodology, but type and intensity of training may contribute towards higher BP. High BP may be associated with LVH.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Blood pressure and hypertension in athletes: a systematic review

2015

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“…3 It has been suggested that this may, in part, reflect increased cardiovascular risk factors associated with a greater body size. 3,26 The BMI of football players often falls into the obesity range. 11,25,42,68,75 However, the applicability of BMI in this cohort is widely criticized because of the players' high muscle mass, leading to an overestimation of body fat percentage.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Health of Retired Field-Based Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

McHugh

Hind

Davey

et al. 2019

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: Retirement from elite sport participation is associated with decreased physical activity, depression, obesity, and ischemic heart disease. Although engagement in physical activity through sport is recognized as cardioprotective, an estimated one-quarter of deaths in American football players are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), predominately in players classified as obese. Purpose: To systematically investigate the cardiovascular health profile of retired field-based athletes. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: This review was conducted and reported in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and preregistered with PROSPERO. Four databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science) were systematically searched from inception to October 2018 using MeSH terms and keywords. Inclusion criteria were retired field-based athletes, age >18 years, and at least 1 CVD risk factor according to the European Society of Cardiology and the American Heart Association. Review articles were not included. Control groups were not required for inclusion, but when available, an analysis was included. Eligible articles were extracted using Covidence. Methodological quality was assessed independently by 2 reviewers using the AXIS tool. The accuracy of individual study estimates was analyzed using a random-effects meta-analysis. Results: This review yielded 13 studies. A total of 4350 male retired field-based athletes from 2 sports (football and soccer; age range, 42.2-66 years) were included. Eight studies compared retired athletes with control groups. Retired athletes had elevated systolic blood pressure in 4 of 6 studies; approximately 50% of studies found greater high-density lipoprotein, approximately 80% found lower triglyceride levels, and all studies found greater low-density lipoprotein for retired athletes compared with controls. The prevalence and severity of coronary artery calcium and carotid artery plaque were similar to controls. Retired linemen had double the prevalence of cardiometabolic syndrome compared with nonlinemen. Conclusion: The overall findings were mixed. Inconsistencies in the reporting of CVD risk factors and methodological biases reduced the study quality. Retired athletes had a comparable CVD risk profile with the general population. Retired athletes with an elevated body mass index had an increased prevalence and severity of risk factors. Significant gaps remain in understanding the long-term cardiovascular effects of elite athleticism.

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“…21,22,24,27 Baseball players had a lower percentage of athletes with BMI ≥30 kg.m 2 compared to controls and football players (Appendix B). 29 Soccer players had a similar mean BMI to controls. 30,31 Rugby players had a significantly greater body fat percentage than race-walkers but lower than sedentary controls.…”

Section: Body Compositionmentioning

confidence: 80%