Comparison of CES-D and RADS-2-K in Measuring Adolescent Depression

Sung, Kyung Mi

doi:10.15434/kssh.2016.29.2.53

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The four positive items were reverse-coded; and, then, the responses were summed. The total scores ranged from zero to 60, 16 through 25 points was classified as mild depression and more than 25 points was classified as clinically significant major depression [20]. This classification was based on the usual 16-point cut-off used in primary care [21].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Related to Change in Depression among North Korean Refugee Youths in South Korea

Park¹,

Kim²,

Lee³

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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This study investigated change in depression and revealed factors related to change using one-year follow-up data. A sample of 108 North Korean Refugee Youths (NKRYs) aged 13 to 26 years (66 females) was recruited from two alternative schools for NKRYs in South Korea. Based on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale cut-off score of 16, respondents were grouped based on change in depression score after one year as stable low, alleviated, deteriorated, or prolonged. Multinomial logistic regression assessed the influence of baseline psychological scores (resilience, emotional regulation strategy, and self-esteem), and reported social support (psychological/practical) on the odds of group classification. With the stable low group as the reference category, those with alleviated depression at Time 2 had significantly higher odds of expressive suppression and tended to have lower self-esteem at Time 1. The deteriorated depression group was more likely than the stable low group to have lower resilience and cognitive appraisal scores. Those with prolonged high depression were more likely than the stable low group to have lower resilience, less practical social support, and lower self-esteem. Psychological interventions, particularly those focused on increasing self-esteem and resilience, could be helpful for NKRYs with potential risk of depression. In addition, practical support should be provided on an as-needed basis to prevent chronic depression among NKRYs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Related to Change in Depression among North Korean Refugee Youths in South Korea

Park¹,

Kim²,

Lee³

et al. 2019

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The higher the score, the more severe the depressive symptoms. Individuals with points ranging from 16 to 25 were classified as having mild depressive symptoms, and those with more than 25 points were considered to have clinically significant depressive symptoms ( 36 ). The CES-D was used for all five waves.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring trajectories of depressive symptoms in North Korean defectors: A latent class mixed analysis

Kim

Park

et al. 2022

Front. Psychiatry

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BackgroundNorth Korean defectors (NKDs) are known to be vulnerable to depression due to the influence of various psychosocial factors during their settlement process. Therefore, this study aimed to explore different trajectories of depressive symptoms in NKDs and identify predictors of the worsening of depressive symptoms. In particular, the focus was on whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) functions as a significant predictor.MethodsParticipants consisted of 300 NKDs who settled in South Korea within 3 years of entering in the country. Five waves of longitudinal data collected from 2016 to 2019 were used. In this study, the North Korean Composite International Diagnostic Interview (NK-CIDI), a diagnostic interview tool, was conducted at baseline and depressive symptoms were measured at each wave. Trajectory identification was based on latent class mixed modeling. Logistic regression was used to extract the significant factors predicting a high/increasing depressive symptom trajectory.ResultsTwo trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified: “low/stable symptom” (76.7% of participants) and “high/increasing symptom” (23.3% of participants). Predictors of the high/increasing symptom group were being female and a low use of mental health services. Generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and alcohol dependence acted as significant predictors. Although PTSD was not a significant predictor, self-reported PTSD symptom scores were high in the high/increasing symptom group.ConclusionsIdentifying the trajectories of depressive symptoms in NKDs helps identify the risk factors of clinically vulnerable groups. In the process of establishing government-level interventions, it may be helpful to create a therapeutic environment. In addition, when evaluating initial psychiatric problems, it is important to primarily consider NKDs' anxiety levels and alcohol problems. There should also be an appropriate consideration of PTSD symptoms.

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Validation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale among Korean Adolescents

Heo

Choi

et al. 2018

Psychiatry Investig

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Objective The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is designed to measure the current level of depressive symptomatology in the general population. However, no review has examined whether the scale is reliable and valid among children and adolescents in Korea. The purpose of this study was to test whether the Korean form of the CES-D is valid in adolescents. Methods Data were obtained from 1,884 adolescents attending grades 1–3 in Korean middle schools. Reliability was evaluated by internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha). Concurrent validity was evaluated by a correlation analysis between the CES-D and other scales. Construct validity was evaluated by exploratory factor and confirmatory factor analyses. Results The internal consistency coefficient for the entire group was 0.88. The CES-D was positively correlated with scales that measure negative psychological constructs, such as the State Anxiety Inventory for Children, the Korean Social Anxiety Scale for Children and Adolescents, and the Reynold Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire, but it was negatively correlated with scales that measure positive psychological constructs, such as the Korean version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-2. The CES-D was examined by three-dimensional exploratory factor analysis, and the three-factor structure of the scale explained 53.165% of the total variance. The variance explained by factor I was 24.836%, that explained by factor II was 15.988%, and that explained by factor III was 12.341%. The construct validity of the CES-D was tested by confirmatory factor analysis, and we applied the entire group’s data using a three-factor hierarchical model. The fit index showed a level similar to those of other countries’ adolescent samples. Conclusion The CES-D has high internal consistency and addresses psychological constructs similar to those addressed by other scales. The CES-D showed a three-factor structure in an exploratory factor analysis. The present findings suggest that the CES-D is a useful and reliable tool for measuring depression in Korean adolescents.

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Comparison of CES-D and RADS-2-K in Measuring Adolescent Depression

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Factors Related to Change in Depression among North Korean Refugee Youths in South Korea

Factors Related to Change in Depression among North Korean Refugee Youths in South Korea

Exploring trajectories of depressive symptoms in North Korean defectors: A latent class mixed analysis

Validation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale among Korean Adolescents

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