Comparison of Changes in Breast Milk Macronutrient Content During the First Month in Preterm and Term Infants

Şahin, Suzan; Özdemir, Tuba; Katipoğlu, Nagehan; Akcan, Abdullah Barış; Türkmen, Münevver

doi:10.1089/bfm.2019.0141

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Both the trend and concentration of total protein were close to those in the data from China in the literature [ 36 , 37 ]. The concentration of total protein in mature milk in this study was similar to that in other populations [ 38 , 39 ], but the value in colostrum was lower in milk from Chinese mothers compared to that in milk from Turkish and Swiss mothers [ 40 , 41 ]. α-lactalbumin is the predominant whey protein in HM.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Longitudinal Changes in the Concentration of Major Human Milk Proteins in the First Six Months of Lactation and Their Effects on Infant Growth

et al. 2021

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Our knowledge related to human milk proteins is still limited. The present study determined the changes in multiple human milk proteins during the first six months of lactation, investigated the influencing factors of milk proteins, and explored the impact of milk proteins on infant growth. A total of 105 lactating women and their full-term infants from China were prospectively surveyed in this research. Milk samples were collected at 1–5 days, 8–14 days, 1 month, and 6 months postpartum. Concentrations of total protein and α-lactalbumin were measured in all milk samples, and concentrations of lactoferrin, osteopontin, total casein, β-casein, αs−1 casein, and κ-casein were measured in milk from 51 individuals using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The concentration of measured proteins in the milk decreased during the first six months of postpartum (p-trend < 0.001). Maternal age, mode of delivery, maternal education, and income impacted the longitudinal changes in milk proteins (p-interaction < 0.05). Concentrations of αs−1 casein in milk were inversely associated with the weight-for-age Z-scores of the infants (1 m: r −0.29, p 0.038; 6 m: r −0.33, p 0.020). In conclusion, the concentration of proteins in milk decreased over the first six months postpartum, potentially influenced by maternal demographic and delivery factors. Milk protein composition may influence infant weights.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Longitudinal Changes in the Concentration of Major Human Milk Proteins in the First Six Months of Lactation and Their Effects on Infant Growth

et al. 2021

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“…This is in contrast with the findings of Yuksel et al who found that the lipid peroxidation levels where higher in mature milk compared to colostrum and transitional milk [40]. The content of lipids increases along lactation [35], particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids [41], which are more likely to be oxidized. Accordingly, lipid peroxidation could also increase.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 85%

“…It is well established that macronutrient content is modified along lactation. Proteins, are highest in colostrum, while fat and carbohydrates increases along lactation [34,35]. Similarly, colostrum has been reported to have higher content of antioxidants compared to mature milk [16,36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Maternal Age and Gestational Age on Breast Milk Antioxidants During the First Month of Lactation

et al. 2020

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Breast milk (BM) is beneficial due to its content in a wide range of different antioxidants, particularly relevant for preterm infants, who are at higher risk of oxidative stress. We hypothesize that BM antioxidants are adapted to gestational age and are negatively influenced by maternal age. Fifty breastfeeding women from two hospitals (Madrid, Spain) provided BM samples at days 7, 14 and 28 of lactation to assess total antioxidant capacity (ABTS), thiol groups, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA + 4-Hydroxy-Trans-2-Nonenal, HNE), protein oxidation (carbonyl groups) (spectrophotometry) and melatonin (ELISA). Mixed random-effects linear regression models were used to study the influence of maternal and gestational ages on BM antioxidants, adjusted by days of lactation. Regression models evidenced a negative association between maternal age and BM melatonin levels (β = −7.4 ± 2.5; p-value = 0.005); and a negative association between gestational age and BM total antioxidant capacity (β = −0.008 ± 0.003; p-value = 0.006), SOD activity (β = −0.002 ± 0.001; p-value = 0.043) and protein oxidation (β = −0.22 ± 0.07; p-value = 0.001). In conclusion, BM antioxidants are adapted to gestational age providing higher levels to infants with lower degree of maturation; maternal ageing has a negative influence on melatonin, a key antioxidant hormone.

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“…При введении в рацион прикорма общее потребление энергии возрастает на 15-23 % у детей в возрасте от 3 до 18 месяцев, находящихся на искус-ственном вскармливании [55]. К тому же дети, вскармливаемые смесью, потребляют на 20-30 % больше объема пищи за один прием.…”

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“…Они также имеют тенденцию потреблять больше еды в старшем возрасте [56]. И наоборот, грудное молоко лучше удовлетворяет потребность в энергии, при этом потребление грудного молока снижается после добавления твердой пищи в качестве прикорма [55]. Таким образом, различия в способе вскармливания могут влиять на массу тела ребенка: каждые дополнительные 100 ккал в день, потребляемые в течение 4 месяцев, в 46 % случаев были связаны с более высокой вероятностью избыточного веса у детей в трехлетнем возрасте [57].…”

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Gut microbiota as risk factor causing obesity in children

Petrova¹,

Aga²,

Trapeznikova³

et al. 2021

Health Risk Analysis

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Nowadays obesity resulting from abnormal or excessive fat deposits in a body has become a true epidemic. Risk factors that cause the disease include improper lifestyle, hereditary predisposition, as well as metabolic activity of gut microbiota. Research works performed over the last decades indicate that microbes that create colonies in human intestines play a significant role in maintaining proper metabolism. There is a correlation between disorders in gut microbiota structure and immune disorders, elevated susceptibility to infections, and obesity. There is more and more evidence that gut microbiota and its overall bacterial genome exert their influence on nutrients assimilation and regulate energy metabolism and fat accumulation. Certain differences were detected in microbiota gut structure in children and adults with obesity and people with proper body mass index. Delivery and feeding are among key factors influencing gut microbiota formation in a child. Thus, research results indicate that natural birth, as opposed to cesarean section, can prevent obesity occurrence in a child. Breast-feeding also makes a substantial contribution into development of an infant since breast milk is balanced food that provides optimal metabolism in an infant’s body and helps creating proper gut microbiota. At the same time, according to data obtained via numerous research works, artificial feeding can be related to obesity occurrence in future. Ways to fight obesity include medication therapy, dietary nutrition, physical activity as well as bariatric surgery; the latter is nowadays considered to be the most efficient procedure on the matter. Reduction in body mass via influencing gut microbiota is a promising trend in research in the sphere. Despite there are objective data on benign effects produced by probiotics and prebiotics on gut microbiota, experts haven’t been able to reach agreement on their efficiency yet.

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Comparison of Changes in Breast Milk Macronutrient Content During the First Month in Preterm and Term Infants

Cited by 22 publications

References 32 publications

Longitudinal Changes in the Concentration of Major Human Milk Proteins in the First Six Months of Lactation and Their Effects on Infant Growth

Longitudinal Changes in the Concentration of Major Human Milk Proteins in the First Six Months of Lactation and Their Effects on Infant Growth

Influence of Maternal Age and Gestational Age on Breast Milk Antioxidants During the First Month of Lactation

Gut microbiota as risk factor causing obesity in children

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