Comparison of Characteristics of the <i>nodX</i> Genes from Various <i>Rhizobium leguminosarum</i> Strains

Ovtsyna, Alexandra O.; Rademaker, Geert-Jan; Esser, Edwin; Weinman, Jeremy J.; Rolfe, Barry G.; Тихонович, И. А.; Lugtenberg, Ben; Thomas‐Oates, Jane; Spaink, Herman P.

doi:10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.3.252

Cited by 35 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…trifolii) strains isolated from diverse geographic areas have this gene [58]. nodX encodes for an O-acetyltransferase protein that modifies the Nod factor, permitting rhizobia to form symbiosis both with the "Afghan" (carrying the specific Sym2 A allele of the Nod-factor receptor) and European pea lines [59]. The loss of nodX in the European R. leguminosarum bv.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Search for Ancestral Features in Genomes of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae Strains Isolated from the Relict Legume Vavilovia formosa

Chirak

Kimeklis

Karasev

et al. 2019

Genes

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Vavilovia formosa is a relict leguminous plant growing in hard-to-reach habitats in the rocky highlands of the Caucasus and Middle East, and it is considered as the putative closest living relative of the last common ancestor (LCA) of the Fabeae tribe. Symbionts of Vavilovia belonging to Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae compose a discrete group that differs from the other strains, especially in the nucleotide sequences of the symbiotically specialised (sym) genes. Comparison of the genomes of Vavilovia strains with the reference group composed of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae strains isolated from Pisum and Vicia demonstrated that the vavilovia strains have a set of genomic features, probably indicating the important stages of microevolution of the symbiotic system. Specifically, symbionts of Vavilovia (considered as an ancestral group) demonstrated a scattered arrangement of sym genes (>90 kb cluster on pSym), with the location of nodT gene outside of the other nod operons, the presence of nodX and fixW, and the absence of chromosomal fixNOPQ copies. In contrast, the reference (derived) group harboured sym genes as a compact cluster (<60 kb) on a single pSym, lacking nodX and fixW, with nodT between nodN and nodO, and possessing chromosomal fixNOPQ copies. The TOM strain, obtained from nodules of the primitive "Afghan" peas, occupied an intermediate position because it has the chromosomal fixNOPQ copy, while the other features, the most important of which is presence of nodX and fixW, were similar to the Vavilovia strains. We suggest that genome evolution from the ancestral to the derived R. leguminosarum bv. viciae groups follows the "gain-and-loss of sym genes" and the "compaction of sym cluster" strategies, which are common for the macro-evolutionary and micro-evolutionary processes. The revealed genomic features are in concordance with a relict status of the vavilovia strains, indicating that V. formosa coexists with ancestral microsymbionts, which are presumably close to the LCA of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Search for Ancestral Features in Genomes of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae Strains Isolated from the Relict Legume Vavilovia formosa

Chirak

Kimeklis

Karasev

et al. 2019

Genes

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“…In contrast, both synthetic Nod factors and the chitin pentamer PACT, which is unable to provoke Had on G. soja, induced the transient accumulation of Enod40 mRNA. It would thus seem that not only are absolute levels of Nodfactors important but also the composition and relative proportions of the mixtures excreted by rhizobia are necessary for the induction of different components of the nodulation pathway (190).…”

Section: Nod Factors and Host Specificitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Basis of Symbiotic Promiscuity

Perret

Staehelin

Broughton

2000

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

881

630

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SUMMARY Eukaryotes often form symbioses with microorganisms. Among these, associations between plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria are responsible for the nitrogen input into various ecological niches. Plants of many different families have evolved the capacity to develop root or stem nodules with diverse genera of soil bacteria. Of these, symbioses between legumes and rhizobia (Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium, and Rhizobium) are the most important from an agricultural perspective. Nitrogen-fixing nodules arise when symbiotic rhizobia penetrate their hosts in a strictly controlled and coordinated manner. Molecular codes are exchanged between the symbionts in the rhizosphere to select compatible rhizobia from pathogens. Entry into the plant is restricted to bacteria that have the “keys” to a succession of legume “doors”. Some symbionts intimately associate with many different partners (and are thus promiscuous), while others are more selective and have a narrow host range. For historical reasons, narrow host range has been more intensively investigated than promiscuity. In our view, this has given a false impression of specificity in legume-Rhizobium associations. Rather, we suggest that restricted host ranges are limited to specific niches and represent specialization of widespread and more ancestral promiscuous symbioses. Here we analyze the molecular mechanisms governing symbiotic promiscuity in rhizobia and show that it is controlled by a number of molecular keys.

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“…Presence of Sym2 A in homozygous state leads to block of infection thread progression in the root hair, similarly to phenotype of sym37 mutants [55]. Later it was shown that Rlv strains able to nodulate "Afghan" cultivars have special gene called nodX, which is involved in the modification of NF structure [116,117]. NodX encodes the acetyltransferase providing O-acetylation on reducing end of NF sugar backbone.…”

Section: Pea (Pisum Sativum L) As a Unique Example Of Increased Specmentioning

confidence: 95%

Nod-Factor Signaling in Legume-Rhizobial Symbiosis

Сергеевич¹,

Alexandrovich²,

Yurievna³

et al. 2015

Plants for the Future

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Leguminous plants or Legumes, family Fabaceae are known to form symbioses with extremely broad range of beneficial soil microorganisms "SM , representing examples of almost all plant-microbe mutualistic systems. One of the most ecologically important and well-studied legume beneficial symbioses is root nodule RN symbiosis symbiotic association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria . Compared with other interactions of legumes with "SM, RN symbioses demonstrate high level of genetic and metabolic integrity, which implies, inter alia, highly specific mutual recognition of partners. In this chapter, we describe the mechanisms of plant-microbe recognition during initial steps of RN symbiosis using the interaction of model legumes -pea Pisum sativum L. , barrel medic Medicago truncatula Gaertn. and Lotus japonicus Regel. K. Larsen -with rhizobia as an example. We paid particular attention to symbiotic system of P. sativum since pea, besides its importance as a model object of genetics, is also a valuable crop plant. Hence, in conclusion, we discuss the potential to use obtained knowledge for optimizing the broad spectrum of plant adaptive functions and to improve the sustainability of legume crop production.Keywords: legume-rhizobial symbiosis, Nod factor, plant signaling, genetic control . IntroductionPlants are attached immobile organisms and thus have to adapt to their environment in order to survive and reproduce successfully. Usually, plants experience multiple simultaneous © 2015 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.impacts from different sources, so they developed complex signaling pathways to effectively detect these impacts and adequately respond to them [ ]. Various microorganisms, which are constantly present in the environment, form one of the major factors affecting the life cycle of plants [ , ]. "lthough many plant-associated microbes are pathogens that impair plant growth and reproduction, there are also a lot of beneficial mutualistic microorganisms able to provide plants with nutrition and additional defense mechanisms. Cooperation with such microorganisms constitutes the universal and highly effective strategy of plants' ecological adaptation, so they tend to form long-lasting associations, which sometimes grow into highly integrated symbioses where one or both partners can develop novel features useful for their survival. Establishing of such symbiotic relationships involves the complicated developmental programs implemented under the joint control by plant and microbial partners and based on the cross-regulation of their genes.Leguminous plants or Legumes, family Fabaceae are known to form symbioses with extremely broad range of beneficial soil microorganisms "SM , representing examples of almost all plant-microbe mutualistic systems. One of the mos...

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Comparison of Characteristics of the nodX Genes from Various Rhizobium leguminosarum Strains

Cited by 35 publications

References 30 publications

Search for Ancestral Features in Genomes of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae Strains Isolated from the Relict Legume Vavilovia formosa

Search for Ancestral Features in Genomes of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae Strains Isolated from the Relict Legume Vavilovia formosa

Molecular Basis of Symbiotic Promiscuity

Nod-Factor Signaling in Legume-Rhizobial Symbiosis

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