Comparison of Chinese and white Bolton standards at age 13

Abstract

Objectives: To create a combined male-female Chinese Bolton standard for age 13 and to compare it to the combined Bolton standard for white 13 year olds. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two Chinese and 32 white subjects (16 adolescent boys and 16 adolescent girls aged 13 years in each ethnic group) who fulfilled the selection criteria used to create the original Bolton standards were enrolled. Their cephalograms were traced and then averaged two at a time following the Bolton method. In addition to creating the template from the 32 subjects in each group, 43 linear and angular variables were measured and compared between the two ethnic groups and between the two sexes in each ethnic group using independent t-tests. A P value of .05 was used to assign statistical significance. The male-female combined templates for 13 year olds were also compared superimposing either in the Bolton relation or by soft tissue. Results: No sexual dimorphism was found in the white subjects, whereas the Chinese girls had decreased upper face height (Na-ANS), more protrusive incisors (SNA-U1), and shorter cranial base (Ba-Na) and posterior cranial base (S-Ba) compared with the Chinese boys. In terms of ethnic comparison, the Chinese subjects presented shorter sagittal facial dimensions, a clockwise rotated mandible with a more acute gonial angle, and a convex facial profile with a less prominent nose and chin. However, overall vertical dimensions were similar. Conclusions: A 13-year-old combined male-female Chinese Bolton standard was created that demonstrated visually and with metric comparisons that Chinese and white clinically normal subjects have different craniofacial characteristics. These differences should be taken into consideration when an individualized orthodontic treatment plan is developed. (Angle Orthod. 2013;83:809-816.)

The impact of expanded endonasal skull base surgery on midfacial growth in pediatric patients

“…The applicability of this normative data to other ethnic populations has been questioned in numerous studies. [33][34][35][36] As a result, this normative data is not an appropriate control group for our heterogeneous population. Instead, we utilized measurements of patients undergoing open resection as a control group, isolating effects of the EEA on midfacial development by including only patients with craniopharyngioma on final pathology and postoperative panhypopituitarism in addition to adjusting for sex, age at presentation, and duration of imaging follow-up in our statistical analysis.…”

“…In addition, normative data such as the Bolton standards are based on a homogenous white population. The applicability of this normative data to other ethnic populations has been questioned in numerous studies . As a result, this normative data is not an appropriate control group for our heterogeneous population.…”

Preferences of color and lip position for facial attractiveness by laypersons and orthodontists

“…A balanced facial profile is also one of the main objectives of orthodontic treatment, especially the position of upper and lower lip and the nasal relationship of lip and chin. 5 Zhao et al 8 compared the Bolton standards of Chinese and Caucasians at the age of 13; they reported that the Chinese subjects presented a convex facial profile with a less prominent nose and chin. Hwang et al 17 reported that the Korean laypersons preferred more concave profiles but the White respondents preferred more convex profiles.…”

“…Many studies have reported that the structure of the bone/dental and soft tissue profile in the Chinese are more protrusive in comparison with the pattern for the Caucasian. 7 , 8 Given this, it is common for the Chinese to seek orthodontic treatment to improve their facial profile and reduce the protrusion of anterior teeth. An ideal beauty profile is of great importance in orthodontic treatments.…”

“… 6 The esthetic plane created by Ricketts is broadly used, among the kinds of angles and lines, because of its easy application and many studies have provided much data to evaluate it. 6 – 8 …”