Comparison of Cigarette and Water-Pipe Smoking by Arab and Non–Arab-American Youth

Abstract

Background-Water-pipe smoking is a rapidly growing form of tobacco use worldwide. Building on an earlier report of experimentation with cigarette and water-pipe smoking in a U.S. community sample of Arab-American youth aged 14-18 years, this article examines water-pipe smoking in more detail (e.g., smoking history, belief in harmfulness compared to cigarettes, family members in home who smoke water pipes) and compares the water-pipe-smoking behaviors of Arab-American youth with non-Arab-American youth in the same community.

Waterpipe smoking among secondary school students in Hong Kong

“…Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the trajectory of tobacco use to understand how waterpipe use affects cigarette smoking progression among adolescents. Consistent with existing studies (Alzyoud et al 2013;Barnett et al 2009;Chan et al 2011;Jawad et al 2013Jawad et al , 2015aMinaker et al 2015;Palamar et al 2014;Smith et al 2011;Weglicki et al 2008), our results indicated that current waterpipe smoking was associated with male sex, older age, current cigarette smoking, other tobacco product use, and alcohol consumption. As high-risk behaviors (e.g., smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use) tend to cluster in adolescents (Baskin-Sommers and Sommers 2006;Chen et al 2001;Faeh et al 2006), smoking cessation treatment and prevention programs for young people should address alcohol consumption and the use of multiple tobacco products rather than focusing on cigarette smoking only.…”

“…Of the few studies on adolescents, most, if not all, have been based on Western (e.g., Canada, the US and UK) or Middle East populations (Akl et al 2015;Zyoud et al 2014). Cigarette smoking is the most important predictor of waterpipe use among adolescents (Barnett et al 2009;Jawad et al 2015a, b;Minaker et al 2015;Palamar et al 2014;Smith et al 2011;Weglicki et al 2008). Other factors include male sex (Barnett et al 2009;Jawad et al 2015a;Minaker et al 2015;Palamar et al 2014), older age or higher grade level (Barnett et al 2009;Jawad et al 2015b;Smith et al 2011;Weglicki et al 2008), peer smoking (Jawad et al 2013(Jawad et al , 2015aRoohafza et al 2011), parental smoking (Jawad et al 2013(Jawad et al , 2015a, alcohol consumption (Chan et al 2011;Czoli et al 2013;Palamar et al 2014), marijuana use (Chan et al 2011;Czoli et al 2013;Palamar et al 2014), other tobacco product use (Amrock et al 2014;Jawad et al 2013), and positive attitudes toward smoking (Barnett et al 2009).…”

The Effect of Prenatal Exposure to Nicotine versus Thiocyanate on Pituitary-Testicular Axis of Juvenile Albino Rats: A Comparative Histological and Electron Microscopic Study

“…Five to six developmental time periods, indicated in post natal days (PNDs), are recognized in the male rat and were referenced when characterizing microscopic changes. These stages include the neonatal (PND 0-7), infantile (PND [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], juvenile (PND 21-32), peri-pubertal (PND 33-55), and late pubertal (PND 56-70) periods [18,19]. These periods loosely correlate with similar developmental stages in humans [20,21].…”

“…Structural changes in DNA are observed among active and passive smokers at puberty [8]. Smoking has multiple effects on hormones, some of which are associated with important clinical implications [9].…”

Smoking Behavior in Arab Americans: A Systematic Review

“…Similarly, exclusive water-pipe smoking prevalence was high (44.2%) in this sample as well dual-smoking prevalence (e.g., smoking cigarettes and water-pipe) (55.8%) [42]. Similar to the reported prevalence of cigarette smoking, more male participants (66.6%) reported exclusive cigarette smoking than female participants (31.4%) while both groups reported experimenting with water-pipe smoking as young as 12 years of age In another study that examined smoking behaviors in 823 pregnant Arab American women who participated in the low-income nutritional supplemental program Women, Infants, and Children during the year 2002 in Michigan, 6% of the sample reported smoking while being pregnant [46]. The sample consisted of a majority of women between the ages of 20-29 (56.7%) with a high school education (50.5%).…”